Fiscal Facts 2026

Kansas Fiscal Facts includes information on the Kansas state budget. It is intended to inform legislators and others, particularly those without budget experience, by providing basic budgetary facts.

Information contained in this document reflects expenditures approved by the 2026 Legislature for state fiscal year 2027 (July 1, 2026–June 30, 2027). Comparison information to prior years is also included.

Download a copy of Kansas Fiscal Facts 2026 (PDF)Cover of 2026 Kansas Fiscal Facts showing an illustration of the state Capitol building.

State Authorization for Private Entities to Perform Vehicle Titling and Registration

Nearly two-thirds of the states—32, including Kansas―authorize private entities to perform some or all functions related to vehicle titles, vehicle registration, and driver licensing, under at least some circumstances. Kentucky authorizes private entities to transmit documents to the state agency with responsibility for those functions on behalf of people in need of certain services, such as renewing vehicle registration, and New York authorizes private entities to assist persons with vehicle services.

Download a PDF of this article here: State Authorization for Private Entities to Perform Vehicle Titling and Registration 2026 (PDF)

This memorandum provides overview information on the services those private entities provide, the types of providers authorized to provide those services, and the type of authorization, by state. Additional information is available in the statutes, regulations, and websites cited at the end of this memorandum.

States Authorizing Private Entity Vehicle Transactions - Map chart of the USA showing that 33 states authorize, while many do not.

Services Offered

The general services offered by non-state providers vary by state, but most offer both title and registration services.

StateTitleRegistrationDriver’s license1OtherNotes
AlabamaX
AlaskaXXXmay also provide non-commercial road skill tests
ArizonaXXXdealer licensing, motor carrier licensing and tax reportingno commercial driver licensing; the written agreement may limit types of services provided and the persons who may receive the services
CaliforniaXXX
ColoradoXXlien services for leased vehicles
ConnecticutXX
FloridaXXtitles for derelict vehicles, certificates of vehicle destruction
GeorgiaXX
IdahoXcopies of certain vehicle records
IllinoisXXcreate and remove liens, apply for salvage or junking certificates
KansasStatute authorizes “some or all vehicle functions”; current contracts are for certain commercial vehicle transactions and certain title-related transactions for automobile dealers
KentuckyXX transmitting title and registration information and fees only
LouisianaXXXcollect registration license and sales taxes; record liens
MaineXXcollect excise taxesnon-commercial driver’s license renewals only
MarylandXXcreate and remove liens
MassachusettsXXXfor driver’s license, only renew or replace
MinnesotaXXX
MississippiX
MontanaXXX
NebraskaXX
NevadaXincludes registration for motor carriers
New HampshireX
New YorkXXXassisting for hire in obtaining titles, registration, or driver’s license
North CarolinaXX
OhioXX
OklahomaXXX
PennsylvaniaXX
South DakotaXX
TexasXXservices depend on the provider level, dealer deputy or full-service deputy
UtahXlimited to vehicles for which emissions testing is required
VirginiaXX
WashingtonXX
WisconsinXX

Service Providers

States vary greatly in the types of entities authorized to provide vehicle-related services on behalf of the state. Generally, in states that authorize vehicle dealer transactions on behalf of the state, a vehicle dealer must meet qualifications in addition to being licensed.

StateVehicle dealersEntity formed for this purposeSpecified local officialsOther types of designated entities / Notes
AlabamaXeach judge of probate, commissioner of licenses, director of revenue, or other official authorized as a designated agenttitle service provider; financial institution; pawnshops licensed for pawn transactions on motor vehicles; insurance companies; towing companies; manufactured home dealers; third parties, e.g. law firms, for title applications for manufactured homes
Alaskacontractors include AAA, several companies offering specific “tag and title” services, a trucking association, and an auto appraisal company
ArizonaXan authorized third party, meaning an entity with a written agreement, chosen through a competitive bid process, that employs or contracts with at least one individual certified to perform specified duties, e.g., commercial driver license examiner, dealer license processor, driver license processor, title and registration processor, vehicle inspector
CaliforniaXa qualified first-line business partner receives data directly from the department and uses it to complete registration and titling activities; a second-line business partner receives information from a first-line service provider
ColoradoXan electronic vehicle or special mobile machinery registration, lien, or titling service provider that is approved by the department
ConnecticutXmunicipality, for driver’s licensevehicle leasing companies, for titles and registration; contractor, e.g., an automobile club or association, for driver’s licenses
Floridaauthorized electronic filing agents appointed by the county tax collector, which could include vehicle dealers, insurers, vehicle auctions
Georgiacounty tax collector or tax commissionertag service companies and vehicle dealers may complete tag application forms and compute tag fees
IdahoXno more than 10 electronic vehicle credential providers
IllinoisXusing the electronic system, financial institutions may apply for titles and create and remove liens from vehicle records; insurance companies may apply for salvage or junking certificates; retail merchants may issue registration renewal stickers; also licenses remittance agents, which accept and remit moneys for titles, registration, taxes
Kansascontractors, which may include county treasurers
KentuckyXlienholder; fleet owner; retailer of manufactured homes, mobile homes, or recreational vehicles
LouisianaXmunicipal and parish governing authoritiesauto title company
MaineXmunicipal tax collector or other municipal agentnongovernmental registration agent; resident agent
MarylandXlicensed title service provider; qualified owner of a fleet
Massachusettsentities existing as of November 1, 2009, that provide automobile-related services to the general public including, but not limited to, automobile-related associations and insurance companies and certain insurance-related businesses; may provide services only to their own members or clients
Minnesotaa deputy registrar may be county or city officiala deputy registrar may be a for-profit or nonprofit corporation but may not own or be a partner, officer, or 5-percent shareholder in a financial institution, motor vehicle dealership, or automobile insurance business or be co-located with any of those entities; a limited licensing agent may issue only a duplicated driver’s license
MississippiXcounty tax collectortitle pledge lenders, financial institutions, manufactured home dealers
Montanadepartment-authorized agent, which could be an individual, a legal or commercial entity, state agency, local government unit, another state government, the United States, a political subdivision
NebraskaXalso, county treasurer may appoint an agent to issue registration certificates and accept taxes and fees
NevadaXmotor carrier or service provider (business or organization) on behalf of motor carriers; vehicle dealer only for vehicles it sells
New HampshireX
New YorkXa dealer, private service bureau licensee, or licensed driver’s school may assist with obtaining title, registration, or driver’s license
North CarolinaXdepartment contractors, in locations including military installations, except in Wake, Cumberland, or Mecklenburg counties
Ohiocounty auditor; clerk of a court of common pleas if county population > 40,000a nonprofit corporation; an individual; no person may act as a deputy registrar if the person holds a contract to conduct motor vehicle inspections or if the person, spouse, or member of immediate family has made contributions totaling more than $100 to any person or entity involved in political races
OklahomaXlicensed Service Oklahoma operators, at least one per county; Service Oklahoma, a state agency, provides access to many government services through its operators
PennsylvaniaX
South DakotaX
TexasXalso has motor vehicle title services that assist persons in obtaining title documents by submitting, transmitting, or sending applications to the appropriate government agencies
Utahregistration issued at participating emissions inspection stations when the vehicle due for testing passes; emissions tests are required in 5 of the 29 Utah counties: Cache, Davis, Salt Lake, Utah, and Weber
VirginiaXmay also have agreements with other state agencies, any other state, the federal government, or a contractor for such state or federal agency
Washingtoncounty auditor or other appointed agent; their subagentssubagents are small businesses
WisconsinXX

The list above does not include vehicle dealers or lienholders who submit applications for titles and registration for vehicles but who do not issue those documents directly.

Three states specifically authorize governmental entities to offer certain vehicle services on behalf of the state:

  • New Mexico authorizes vehicle registration by a military installation that has an agreement with the agency and by a class A county (population of 100,000 or more) or a municipality within a class A county that has adopted an ordinance for a vehicle emission inspection and maintenance program;
  • Rhode Island authorizes the administrator of its Division of Motor Vehicles to delegate to the tax collector or finance director of any city or town the authority to issue vehicle registration, collect registration fees, and retain a portion of the fees for its expenses; and
  • West Virginia sheriffs are authorized to renew registrations for passenger vehicles and motorcycles.

Authorization for These Services in Statutes and Regulations

States included in this memorandum as those with private entity involvement in vehicle services had statutory authorization to do so, with statutory authorization for contracts to perform these services also often present. Regulations regarding these services were found in about half of those states and may be present in additional states. Contracts are specifically mentioned in multiple states’ statutes and regulations and also may be present in additional states2.

The statutes, regulations, and websites listed below are among those consulted in preparation of this memorandum. “S” indicates statute(s) were consulted, “R” indicates regulation(s), and “C” indicates a state for which a statute or regulation references a contract with a private entity. Various official websites also were consulted.

StateStatutesRegulationsContractReferences
AlabamaSRAla.Code 1975 § 32-8-2. Definitions.
Ala. Admin. Code r. 810-5-75-.52. Designated Agent Appointments.
https://www.revenue.alabama.gov/motor-vehicle/apply-to-become-a-designated-agent/
AlaskaSCAS § 36.30.015. Executive branch agencies3.
ArizonaSRCA.R.S. § 28-5101. Third party authorization.
A.R.S. § 28-5101.01. Authorized third party driver license providers; requirements.
A.A.C. R17-7-101. Definitions
CaliforniaSRCCal.Vehicle Code § 1685. Vehicle registration and titling transactions; establishment of contracts for electronic programs; transaction fee.
California Regulations, Title 13. Motor Vehicles, Division 1. Department of Motor Vehicles, Chapter 1. Department of Motor Vehicles, Article 3.6. Vehicle Industry and Business Enterprises (§ 225.00 to § 226.54)
https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/business-partner-automation-program/
ColoradoSCC.R.S.A. § 42-1-234. Electronic vehicle registration and titling–electronic transmission of vehicle lien information–authority–rules–report–electronic transactions fund–gifts, grants, and donations–notice to revisor of statutes–repeal.
C.R.S.A. § 42-1-233. Expedited registration program–private vendor providing services to register Class A commercial vehicles–rules.
https://dmv.colorado.gov/title-register-your-vehicle-at-the-dealership
ConnecticutSRCC.G.S.A. § 14-12. Motor vehicle registration. Application. Issuance by dealers. Misrepresentation. Registration number and certificate. Requirements for registration. Regulations. Temporary registration. Number of registered electric vehicles.
Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies, Title 14 – Motor Vehicles. Use of the Highway by Vehicles. Gasoline, Sec. 14-15d-2. Determination of ability to submit applications electronically. Sec. 14-15d-3. Compliance with agency procedures
https://portal.ct.gov/dmv/commercial-and-industry-services/get-regulated-business-license/motor-vehicle-dealerships?language=en_US
FloridaSRF.S.A. § 320.03. Registration; duties of tax collectors; International Registration Plan
FL Admin Code R 15C-16.010
GeorgiaSRGa. Code Ann., § 40-2-23. Tax collectors or commissioners as agents to receive applications for registration of motor vehicles. § 40-2-25. Processing of applications of registration of motor vehicles by private persons
§ 40-3-39. Utilization of county tag agents; fee of; mailing applications
Rule 560-10-28-.01 Tag Service Companies.
Rule 560-10-28-.03 Submission of Documents, Fees and Taxes.
IdahoSRCI.C. § 49-401C. Electronic vehicle credential providers.
I.C. § 49-504. Applications to department for certificates–Procedure–Identification numbers.
I.C. § 49–202. Duties of department.
I.C. § 49-314. Local examiners appointed by department.
Motor Vehicle Service Delivery: Analysis of Idaho’s Model and Policy Alternatives, Idaho Policy Institute, February 2022
IllinoisSC625 ILCS 5/1-171.01a. Remittance agent.
625 ILCS 5/3-100.2. Electronic access; agreements with submitters.
92 Ill. Adm. Code 1010.245 Electronic Registration and Titling (ERT) Program Provisions
https://www.ilsos.gov/departments/vehicles/title-and-registration/eregtitle.html
KansasSCKSA 8-129. Application for registration; certificate of title; administration of motor vehicle functions.
https://www.kmca.org/Truck_Services
KentuckySRCKRS § 186A.005 Definitions for chapter.
KRS § 186A.017 Electronic title application and registration system; application by approved entity; contracts with third parties; fees; administrative regulations.
601 Ky. Admin. Regs. 23:040. Application form to become Kentucky electronic license title entity; and application form for electronic motor vehicle title application submission.
LouisianaSRCLSA-R.S. 47:532.1. Public license tag agents; auto title companies; rules and regulations; surety bonds; fees.
La. Admin Code. tit. 55, Pt III, § 1603. Authority; Businesses and Governmental Entities.
La. Admin Code. tit. 55, Pt III, § 1608. Qualifications for Public Tag Agent Owners and Employees.
La. Admin Code. tit. 55, Pt III, § 1635. Driver’s License Issuance.
MaineSR29-A M.R.S.A. § 201. Municipal officials as agents.
29-A M.R.S.A. § 202. Appointment of agents for the issuance of noncommercial driver’s license renewals, duplicates of noncommercial driver’s license renewals and nondriver identification card renewals.
29-A M.R.S.A. § 204. Registration agents.
Department of the Secretary of State Rules, 29 Department of Secretary of State, 250 Bureau of Motor Vehicles, Chapter 110: Non-Governmental registration agent and resident agent requirements. C. Definitions
MarylandSRMD Code, Transportation, § 15-601. Definitions.
MD Code, Transportation, § 15-608. Collection of taxes or fees required for titling vehicle.
MD Code, Transportation, § 13-610. Electronic transmission of titling and registration information to Administration.
Maryland Regulations Subtitle 12 Motor Vehicle Administration — Licensing of Businesses and Occupations, Chapter 02 Title Service Agents
MassachusettsSRM.G.L.A. 90 § 30A ½ . Agreements with third party entities by registrar
540 CMR 2.00: Motor Vehicle Regulations, 2.05: Vehicle Registrations Requirements.
https://www.mass.gov/rmv-services-at-aaa, https://northeast.aaa.com/automotive/registry-services/massachusetts.html
MinnesotaSRM.S.A. § 168.33. Commissioner as registrar of vehicles; deputy registrars.
M.S.A. § 171.061. Driver’s license agent.
Minnesota Rules 7406.0370 Certificate of Appointment of Deputy Registrar.
Minnesota Rules 7404.0340 Deputy Registrar as Limited Licensing Agent.
7404.0345 Deputy Registrar as Licensing Agent.
MississippiSRMiss. Code Ann. § 63-21-13. Certain persons designated agents.
35 Miss. Admin. Code Pt. VII, R. 4.06. Revocation of Designated Agent Authority.
https://www.dor.ms.gov/motor-vehicle/dealers-and-designated-agents
MontanaSMCA 61-1-101. Definitions.
MCA 61-3-116. Services that may be performed by authorized agent.
NebraskaSNeb.Rev.St. § 60-1507. Electronic dealer services system; licensed dealer; participation; service fee; powers of director.
Neb.Rev.St. § 60-372. Vehicle Title and Registration System; agent of county treasurer; appointment
. https://dmv.nebraska.gov/dvr/dealer-automated-services
NevadaSCN.R.S. 482.217. Department authorized to enter into agreement with certain motor carriers and service providers to register, transfer or renew registration of vehicles; conditions of such agreement; regulations.
N.R.S. 706.188. Agreement between Department and motor carrier or service provider regarding registration or transfer or renewal of registration of vehicle; bond or other security; fees; authority of Department to revoke registration of certain vehicles and revoke or refuse to grant authority to register certain vehicles or transfer or renew certain vehicle registrations; regulations.
N.R.S. 482.216. Department may authorize new vehicle dealer to accept applications for registration and transfer of registration of new motor vehicles and to issue certificates of registration; duties of dealer; prohibited acts; regulations.
New HampshireSN.H. Rev. Stat. § 261:74-h Appointment of Dealer Agents.
N.H. Rev. Stat. § 261:74-k Duties of Dealer Agents.
N.H. Rev. Stat. § 261:74-n Collection of Fees.
N.H. Rev. Stat. § 261:74-r Rulemaking.
N.H. Rev. Stat. § 261:74-s Agreements with Electronic Vehicle Registration Integrators.
New MexicoSCN. M. S. A. 1978, § 66-2-14. Appointment of agents; termination.
N. M. S. A. 1978, § 66-2-14.1. Fee agent designation; termination.
https://secure.mvd.newmexico.gov/vrs/About.html
New YorkSRMcKinney’s Tax Law § 1142. General powers of the tax commission.
McKinney’s Vehicle and Traffic Law § 395. Certain private service bureaus to be licensed.
15 CRR-NY 77.1 Applications. [private service bureau]
15 CRR-NY 76.5 Private service bureau functions.
https://dmv.ny.gov/business/private-service-bureau-licenses
North CarolinaSCN.C.G.S.A. § 20-63. Registration plates furnished by Division; requirements; replacement of regular plates with First in Flight plates, First in Freedom plates, or National/State Mottos plates; surrender and reissuance; displaying; preservation and cleaning; alteration or concealment of numbers; commission contracts for issuance.
https://www.nclpa.org/
OhioSRCR.C. § 4503.03 Deputy registrars and branch offices; terms of contracts; rules; removal; audit; bond; physical inspection of vehicles; voter registration reports.
Rule 4501:1-6-04 | Limited authority deputy registrars.
OklahomaSRC47 Okl.St.Ann. § 1149. Service Oklahoma–Duty and authority.
47 Okl.St.Ann. § 1140. Qualifications to locate and operate Service Oklahoma locations–Obtaining a license to operate locations–Sale or transfer of licenses–Revocation–Vacancy.
Okla. Admin. Code § 260:135-3-44, Licensed Operator training and continuing education.
https://oklahoma.gov/service/all-services.html
PennsylvaniaSC75 Pa.C.S.A. § 7501. Authorization of messenger and agent services,
75 Pa.C.S.A. § 7505. Transaction of business with department.
https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dmv/resources/business-partners/messenger-and-agent-services Pub 457 Agent Services Handbook, sample contract
Rhode IslandSGen.Laws 1956, § 44-7-8. Permissive excise tax collection agreement.
Gen.Laws 1956, § 44-7-9. Delegated authority.
South DakotaSRCSDCL § 32-3-1. Definition of terms.
SDCL § 32-3-69.1. Electronic title and registration system–Creation–Submissions–Verification
SDCL § 32-3-69.4. Electronic title and registration system–ERT provider contract–Fee for service
Administrative Rule 64:29:04:01. Definitions.
Administrative Rule 64:29:04:02. ERT provider application–Contents–Contract required.
TexasSRCTransportation Code Sec. 520.005.  Duty and Responsibilities of County Assessor-Collector.
Transportation Code Sec. 520.0061. Contracts Between Counties.
Transportation Code Sec. 520.0071. Deputies.
Title 43 Transportation; Part 10 Texas Department of Motor Vehicles; Chapter 217 Vehicle Titles and Registration; Rule §217.166 Dealer Deputies. Rule §217.163 Full Service Deputies
UtahSUtah Code Ann. § 41-6a-1642. Emissions inspection–County program.
https://dmv.utah.gov/register/ots-renewal/
VirginiaSCVA Code Ann. § 46.2-205. Department offices and agencies; agreements with dealers.
VA Code Ann. § 46.2-205.2. Agreements with other agencies or contractors for other agencies; collection of fee.
https://www.dmv.virginia.gov/locations/what-is-dmv-select.
https://www.dmv.virginia.gov/businesses/become-dmv-select
WashingtonSCRCW 46.01.140 County auditors, agents, and subagents—Powers and duties—Standard contracts—Rules.
https://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=46.17.040 [note attached to RCW 46-17-040]
West VirginiaSW. Va. Code, § 17A-3-17. Application for and renewal of registration; sheriffs authorized to issue renewals of registration for certain vehicles.
WisconsinSRCW.S.A. 341.21. Registration and title transactions by contractors.
Wis. Adm. Code § Trans 141.04. Dealer participation in the APPS program.

  1. For purposes of this memorandum, “driver’s license” includes state-issued identification cards. ↩︎
  2. For this purpose, “contract” includes a written agreement. ↩︎
  3. In Alaska, the Commissioner of Administration is authorized by statute to delegate to an agency the authority to contract for and manage services, professional services, and supplies. ↩︎

Download a PDF of this article here: State Authorization for Private Entities to Perform Vehicle Titling and Registration 2026 (PDF)

A Primer on Cryptocurrency and Policy Frameworks

What is Cryptocurrency?

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) does not define cryptocurrency directly. It states, “The tax definition of a digital asset is any digital representation of value recorded on a cryptographically secured, distributed ledger (blockchain) or similar technology.” This definition can also be found in the 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act.

Merriam Webster defines “currency” as something that is in circulation as a medium of exchange and defines a “medium of exchange” as something commonly accepted in exchange for goods and services and recognized as representing a standard of value.

For the purposes of this memorandum, cryptocurrency is something that can be exchanged for a good or service that is stored digitally on a cryptographically-secured blockchain. Examples include Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, Solana, and USD Coin (USDC).

How Does Cryptocurrency Work?

Cryptocurrencies can be produced and exchanged using blockchain technology. At a high level, a blockchain is a network of computer users certifying the legitimacy of each cryptocurrency transaction through a public ledger. The ledger shows the location of each cryptocurrency unit, the unit’s prior owner, and the unit’s related transactions.

Example

Using Bitcoin as an example, a user installs a Bitcoin wallet on their computer or mobile device. That wallet contains a specific Bitcoin address that can be shared with another party to facilitate a transaction. The wallet contains a private key used to sign the transaction, providing proof the Bitcoin came from the wallet’s owner. While the key is public, the wallet’s owner remains private.

Once the transaction is posted between parties, it is broadcast to the cryptocurrency’s network for validation. Once confirmed through a Proof-of-Work or Proof-of-Stake process (for more details, see Coinbase’s overview), the transaction is assigned to a block on the blockchain as a permanent, public record and is considered completed. The cryptocurrency is then sent between parties usually with a small transaction fee given to the validator and the recipient retains control over the cryptocurrency sent.

Privacy

A key feature of cryptocurrency is the public nature of the transactions on the network. Each transacting party must provide their wallet address to transfer cryptocurrency, allowing users to see who owns which cryptocurrency unit. This prevents complete anonymity, but users can be pseudonymous since only their wallet address is listed publicly and not their name or other identifying information.

It is possible to determine users by tracing multiple transactions tied to the same address; however, new tools are being developed to mitigate this type of tracking. Additionally, exchanges that are required to follow “Know Your Customer[JK2] ” rules and regulations tie a wallet user’s identity to the wallet, minimizing the value of those tools. There is a subset of cryptocurrency called privacy coins that make transaction parties completely anonymous, but these cryptocurrencies tend to have lower adoption and usage rates and face more regulatory scrutiny.

What is Cryptocurrency Used For?

Cryptocurrencies are typically used as an investment asset or as transactional currency.

Investment Asset

Initially created as a digital currency for online transactions, Bitcoin started gaining popularity in the mid-2010s as an investment alternative. However, Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies’ volatile pricing make them a risky investment and a poor option to transact with since the value underlying one unit can fluctuate by as much as 10 percent on a given day. Over the past decade, Bitcoin’s price volatility is 4.8 times higher than the S&P 500 and 5.3 times higher than gold.

To illustrate the volatility, in late 2022, Bitcoin lost 75 percent of its value compared to its price a year earlier as a result of one of the largest cryptocurrency exchanges going bankrupt, among other factors. Since that low, Bitcoin gained over 600 percent in value by the end of 2025.

Exchanges

Most cryptocurrency users use a cryptocurrency exchange to convert their assets into cryptocurrency, transfer one cryptocurrency for another, and transfer from cryptocurrency back to a fiat currency, such as the U.S. Dollar (USD). Exchanges like Coinbase and Binance match buyers and sellers of cryptocurrency and charge a fee to facilitate the transfer. Additionally, these exchanges may also act like stock brokerage accounts where users can store and trade their cryptocurrency.

Transactional Currency

Most cryptocurrencies do not require intermediaries or government backing. Stablecoins are a unique subset of cryptocurrency. Unlike Bitcoin and other similar cryptocurrencies, stablecoins attempt to maintain a fixed, or “pegged,” exchange rate, in which their value is fixed against the value of another currency or asset with the aim of maintaining stability in value.

There are four main ways in which the value of a stablecoin may be pegged to another asset:

  • Fiat currency-backed: A stablecoin can be pegged to fiat currency, like the USD, when that fiat currency is held in reserve against the coin’s value at a depository institution. As the stablecoin price fluctuates, reserves are bought or sold to maintain stablecoin pegging to the reserve asset. In an effort to maintain their stability in value, large issuers sometimes overcollateralize their stablecoins by holding more fiat currency in reserve than the value of the stablecoins issued;
  • Commodity-backed: A stablecoin can be pegged to the value of a specific commodity, where the stablecoin issuer holds the commodity and buys or sells the commodity as needed to adjust the stablecoin price;
  • Cryptocurrency-backed: Some stablecoins peg their value to other cryptocurrencies. As the stablecoin price fluctuates, the issuer buys or sells the reserve cryptocurrency as needed to restore the stablecoin’s peg. These stablecoins may be overcollateralized to account for the pegged cryptocurrency’s volatility; and
  • Algorithmic-backed: These stablecoins do not hold reserve assets. Instead, an algorithm on the stablecoin’s blockchain dynamically adjusts its supply to create or destroy stablecoins depending on the change in the stablecoin’s value. In practice, this mechanism typically fails to maintain a stable pegged value because adjustments made by the algorithm cannot keep pace with real-time changes in market conditions.

Unlike other cryptocurrencies whose current usage is mainly as an investment vehicle, stablecoins tend to be focused on facilitating transactions between parties. Currently, there are two major uses for stablecoins:

  • International transfers: Stablecoin users do not need multiple bank accounts in two countries to transfer money from one country to another; they just need one cryptocurrency wallet that allows the transfer of their stablecoin to another user’s wallet; and
  • Peer-to-peer digital transfers: Stablecoins allow users to complete digital transfers without the need for third parties to facilitate the transaction.

While stablecoin usage continues to rise, this cryptocurrency subset still presents risk to users and the finance sector.

Benefits and Risks

Coinbase, a major cryptocurrency exchange, lists the following benefits of the cryptocurrency process:

  • Independence — Cryptocurrencies are issued independent of any government or financial institution and provide an alternative to “dysfunctional fiat currencies”;
  • Transferability — Cryptocurrency makes global transfers cheaper and easier by reducing the intermediaries required to transfer money across borders;
  • Privacy — Cryptocurrency transactions do not require a party to provide unnecessary personal information to the other party;
  • Security — Almost all cryptocurrencies use a blockchain which is constantly checked and verified by a decentralized network of validators;
  • Portability — Cryptocurrency holdings are not tied to a financial institution or government and are available to the owner no matter their location or the state of the global financial system; and
  • Irreversibility — Cryptocurrency transactions cannot be reversed which can reduce fraud and processing fees.

However, the process also poses substantial risks to users and the general public. According to the U.S. Government Accountability Office, these risks include:

  • Resources — It can be costly to operate a blockchain. Some cryptocurrencies require large amounts of computing power and energy to generate new currency units;
  • Collusion — Network security relies on consensus protocol to maintain the ledger. Users who collude could gain enough influence to manipulate the ledger to their benefit;
  • Security — Cryptocurrency holders can have their digital wallets hacked and cryptocurrency stolen; and
  • Opaqueness — Since cryptocurrency can be exchanged without a central authority, governments may be hesitant to allow cryptocurrencies to be used as a method of exchange or contracting since they cannot easily be tracked and could be used to facilitate illicit activity like tax evasion or money laundering.

Stablecoin Risks

Stablecoins present several risks to users, some of which include:

  • False claims that a stablecoin is fully backed by reserves. In 2021, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) fined Tether $41 million for making untrue or misleading statements and omissions of material fact related to the amount of reserves held backing their stablecoin. The CFTC found during a 26-month period that Tether only held 100 percent of reserves for 27.6 percent of those days;
  • False claims that reserves are fully backed by a specific asset. In the 2021 Tether finding, the CFTC found that Tether was also using non-fiat financial products as part of their reserves;
  • Unauthorized use of consumer funds. When consumers purchase a stablecoin, the USD given to the issuer in exchange for the stablecoin should go into the reserves. As seen in the FTX collapse in 2022, issuers can take the USD and use it for personal use instead;
  • Volatility in the reserve asset’s price. In March 2023, the stablecoin DAI temporarily de-pegged due to a substantial portion of its reserves being tied to another cryptocurrency. While DAI tried to maintain a one-to-one peg with the USD, about 40 percent of its reserves were in another stablecoin. As cryptocurrency pricing fell, the reserve stablecoin’s price fell and DAI temporarily de-pegged;
  • A digital “bank run” on algorithm-backed stablecoins. For stablecoins that rely on an algorithm to create or destroy stablecoins to maintain a pegged value, the algorithm must process its orders faster than the market. In some instances, algorithmic stablecoins have been subject to large selloffs in which the algorithm could not keep up with price volatility, ultimately resulting in failure of the stablecoin to maintain its pegged value. This type of run is what led to Terra’s collapse in 2022;
  • A run on the bank holding a stablecoin’s reserves. According to Reuters, the run on Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) led several stablecoins, including the second largest stablecoin in the world, USD Coin (USDC), to temporarily de-peg out of fear the stablecoins’ reserves held at SVB would not be accessible due to the run on the bank. Eventually, USDC and other affected stablecoins were able to re-peg after the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) backed up insured deposits and issuers used corporate funds to fill any remaining gaps in their reserves;
  • Inability to convert reserves into liquid assets to maintain the peg. In 2024, reports surfaced that the U.S. Treasury was considering sanctions against Tether for its stablecoin’s widespread use by sanctioned entities. This possible sanction against Tether could prohibit Americans from transacting with Tether and significantly impair or wholly prevent its ability to convert its reserve of U.S. Treasury bills into liquid assets to maintain the stablecoin’s value; and
  • Use of stablecoins for illicit activities. With stablecoin values relatively consistent compared to other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, criminals and scammers tend to rely on stablecoins to transfer money for illicit activities. Chainalysis’ 2024 report on cryptocurrency crime trends shows that illicit transaction volume involving stablecoin payments continues to rise. In 2023, stablecoin payments made up around 60 percent of all illicit cryptocurrency payments. About 80 percent of all illicit transactions conducted by sanctioned entities and jurisdictions used stablecoins.

Cryptocurrency Kiosks

Cryptocurrency kiosks or automatic teller machines (ATMs) are machines where users can buy and sometimes sell cryptocurrencies using cash or debit cards. Users can typically send the acquired cryptocurrency to a digital wallet by scanning a QR code or entering the wallet’s address. There are two types of kiosks: unidirectional (buy-only or sell-only) and bidirectional (both buy and sell). While convenient for users to turn cash into cryptocurrency, these kiosks pose a significant risk to consumers.

According to the Federal Trade Commission, kiosks contributed to $65 million in fraud for the first half of 2024, with a reported median loss of $10,000. Scammers typically target senior citizens who are more than three times as likely as younger adults to report a loss using a kiosk. After a bogus claim, scammers inform victims that depositing cash into the kiosk will fix the purported problem. Victims then withdraw cash from their bank, deposit it into the kiosk, and use the scammer’s cryptocurrency wallet QR code that is texted to the victim.

In 2026, Kansas enacted legislation implementing required disclaimers and transaction limits for cryptocurrency kiosks operating in the state.

Policy Frameworks

With the rise of cryptocurrency exchanges, scams involving cryptocurrency kiosks, continued use of cryptocurrency, and systemic risk posed by stablecoins, federal and state governments have started to establish statutory and regulatory frameworks to manage the risks of cryptocurrency and instill more confidence in the industry as rules are created for businesses and consumers alike.

Federal Regulation

GENIUS Act of 2025

In July 2025, the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act was enacted, creating a regulatory framework for stablecoins. The bill allows permitted issuers to issue a stablecoin for use by U.S. persons, and those issuers must be regulated by the appropriate federal or state regulator.

The GENIUS Act allows states to regulate only those issuers who issue $10 billion or less in stablecoins. State regulators would “have supervisory, examination, and enforcement authority over all” of these smaller state issuers. State regulators may delegate or relinquish these authorities to the Federal Reserve (Fed).

Among other provisions, the GENIUS Act requires issuers to:

  • Maintain reserves backing the stablecoin on a one-to-one basis using U.S. currency or other similarly liquid assets;
  • Publicly disclose their redemption policy; and
  • Publish the details of their reserves on a monthly basis.

The GENIUS Act does not consider payment stablecoins as securities under securities law, but permitted issuers are still subject to the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) for anti-money laundering and related purposes.

While the rulemaking process is ongoing, the Act officially takes effect on January 18, 2027, or 120 days after final rules are issued, whichever is earlier.

CLARITY Act of 2025

The Digital Asset Market Clarity Act of 2025 (CLARITY Act) passed the House floor and out of the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. It is currently on the Senate floor. The bill would create a regulatory framework for cryptocurrency and clarify the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) and Commodity Futures Trading Commission’s (CFTC) regulatory roles.

According to a Congressional Research Service memorandum, Potential Effects on SEC Jurisdiction, the SEC is the primary regulator overseeing security offerings, trading, and investment activities. The CLARITY Act would provide an exemption for investment contracts involving certain digital commodities on mature blockchains from the Securities Act of 1933 registration requirement. The bill would also allow SEC-registered market participants to engage in secondary market trading of digital assets like cryptocurrency.

The CLARITY Act would give the CFTC exclusive regulatory jurisdiction over digital commodity transactions by any entity registered or required to be registered with the CFTC. The bill would require centralized platforms that currently make up the cryptocurrency trading market, as well as digital commodity brokers and dealers, to register with the CFTC. The bill would require such platforms and brokers/dealers to:

  • Monitor trading;
  • Keep records and report out;
  • Address antitrust considerations;
  • Minimize conflicts of interest;
  • Prohibit exchanges from commingling assets in most circumstances;
  • Prohibit exchanges from trading for their own accounts in most circumstances; and
  • Offer only blockchain cryptocurrencies that are certified as mature.

State Policy

Uniform Commercial Code Revisions

The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is a uniform state law applied to voluntary, commercial transactions between private parties. Being state commercial law, these amendments do not address federal or state regulations, taxation, money transmitter, or money laundering laws.

In 2022, the Uniform Law Commission (ULC) made several recommendations to amend the UCC creating a new article concerning controllable electronic records (CERs) and to amend various other articles of the UCC to update language governing commercial transactions with respect to certain digital assets, including cryptocurrency. The ULC states these amendments:

  • Address emerging technologies;
  • Provide updated rules for commercial transactions involving virtual currencies, distributed ledger technologies (including blockchain), artificial intelligence, and other technological developments;
  • Span almost every article of the UCC and add a new Article 12 addressing certain types of digital assets defined as CERs;
  • Provide new default rules to govern transactions involving these new technologies; and
  • Clarify the UCC’s applicability to mixed transactions involving both goods and services.

In 2026, the ULC listed Kansas as one of ten states yet to introduce legislation implementing the 2022 amendments, while thirty-six states have enacted the amendments.

Kansas

Currently, Kansas has several areas it could implement its own cryptocurrency policy framework, including:

  • Regulating small stablecoin issuers in the state under the GENIUS Act’s provisions;
  • Implementing the UCC 2022 revisions; and
  • Including digital currency into its abandoned property laws.

New York

New York has been regulating cryptocurrencies since 2015. New York’s cryptocurrency regulatory and statutory policy framework, among the most comprehensive in the U.S., is designed primarily to ensure market integrity and consumer protection. The state’s Department of Financial Services (DFS) is the main regulator and was established in 2011. In 2015, the BitLicense framework in 23 NYCRR Part 200 under the New York Financial Services Law was established.

DFS requires virtual currency businesses to obtain a license to operate legally and subjects them to scrutiny regarding capital requirements, cybersecurity, anti-money laundering (AML) programs, corporate governance, and disclosure requirements. Additionally, DFS approves cryptocurrencies that can be listed or custodied under the framework. DFS also provides ongoing cryptocurrency guidance and industry letters.

In 2022, the state’s Department of Financial Services (Department) issued guidance indicating it would apply certain requirements to stablecoins backed by the USD and issued under the Department’s authorization. These stablecoin-specific regulations did not replace any other regulations related to the issuer or Department.

Key regulations from the guidance include the following:

  • A stablecoin must be fully backed by a reserve of assets (one-to-one backing) as of the end of each business day;
  • Stablecoin reserves must be held with a U.S. state or federally chartered depository institution insured by the FDIC or with pre-approved custodians;
  • Stablecoin reserves can only be:
  • U.S. treasury bills with maturity dates of three months or fewer;
  • Reverse repurchase agreements fully collateralized by U.S. treasury bills, notes, or bonds; or
  • Other Department-approved assets;
  • Reserves must be subject to an examination at least once per month by an independent Certified Public Accountant licensed in the United States who attests to certain reporting requirements; and
  • Stablecoin issuers must adopt clear redemption policies approved in advance by the Department allowing the user to redeem the stablecoin from the issuer at a one-to-one exchange rate for the U.S. dollar net of any fees.

California

Enacted in October 2023, the Digital Financial Assets Law (DFAL) created a regulatory framework, including licensure and enforcement authority, for certain cryptocurrency activities (including stablecoin issuance). The law requires the state’s Department of Financial Protection & Innovation (DFPI) to license and supervise many cryptocurrency asset-related companies, including stablecoin issuers, that serve California residents and provides consumer protections for users. The DFPI is currently developing its regulations.

Illinois

In 2025, Illinois passed the Digital Assets and Consumer Protection Act (Digital Assets Act) as well as the Virtual Currency Kiosk Consumer Protection Act (Kiosk Act). The Digital Assets Act establishes consumer protections like those in place for traditional financial services. The Digital Asset Act authorizes the Department of Financial and Professional Regulation to register and supervise digital asset exchanges and businesses. The Digital Assets Act defines “digital asset” to mean a digital representation of value used as a medium of exchange, unit of account, or store of value, and is not fiat currency, even if the asset is denominated in fiat currency. There are certain exceptions to the definition for specific digital assets like rewards programs and online games’ currencies.

The Kiosk Act requires kiosk operators to provide full refunds to new customers who are victims of scams at kiosks, along with other registration and reporting requirements. The Kiosk Act also places limits on transaction fees and daily transactions for new customers. The Kiosk Act defines a “digital asset exchange” as an exchange that facilitates the buying, selling, or exchanging of digital assets for fiat currency or other digital assets that is licensed to conduct business in New York as a Virtual Currency Business Activity licensee, or in California under the Digital Financial Assets Law[MD6] .

Nebraska

Enacted in 2021, and updated in 2024, Nebraska’s Financial Innovation Act (FI[LT7]  Act) defines a “stablecoin” as a controllable electronic record designed to have a stable value that is backed by a reserve asset.

The FI Act authorizes digital asset depositories to issue stablecoins and hold deposits that serve as reserves at an FDIC-insured financial institution chartered in the state or has a branch in the state. The Act also authorizes such depositories to use stablecoins for payment activities.

Such depositories would be subject to certain licensing requirements. Nebraska’s Department of Banking and Finance issued guidance indicating the following will be among those requirements:

  • Issuer-provided daily reports of key general ledger and distributed ledger numbers and a quarterly call report;
  • Periodic examination of an issuer’s general ledger balance sheet, external audits, and compliance;
  • Review of policies and procedures to prevent money laundering;
  • Compliance with “Know Your Customer” regulatory requirements;
  • Appropriate federal transaction reporting and other standard banking practices;
  • Examiner-issued confidential report to be shared with the issuer and potentially other regulators;
  • Requiring certain disclosures from issuers to consumers and investors to inform them of risks, conflicts of interest, and fees; and
  • Requiring issuers to provide at least 10 hours of live customer phone support on weekdays to serve state residents.

Texas

Enacted in 2023, the Money Services Modernization Act (MSM Act) updates the state’s money services statutes. The MSM Act defined “money” or “monetary value” to include stablecoins.

The MSM Act defines money as any stablecoin that:

  • Is pegged to a sovereign currency;
  • Is fully backed by assets held in reserve; and
  • Grants the holder the right to redeem the stablecoin for sovereign currency from the issuer.

      The MSM Act also authorizes the Texas Department of Banking to enforce its provisions.

Unlike California and Nebraska which have specific regulations related to stablecoin issuers, Texas’ MSM Act applies to all money service providers but allows those providers to participate in stablecoin activities. The only stablecoin-specific provision in the MSM Act permits providers to invest in stablecoins so long as those investments are in the same kind of stablecoin as those issued to consumers by the provider.

Wyoming

Wyoming’s cryptocurrency regulatory and statutory policy framework is considered the most pro-innovation in the U.S. The framework strives to provide legal clarity for digital assets and attract blockchain businesses while maintaining consumer protection. Areas of statutory policy related to cryptocurrency include:

Day Care Licensing and Surveying in Kansas

Executive Summary

This memorandum provides an overview of state policies and licensing procedures related to day care operations. It also outlines current state practices regarding day care licensing including funding, staffing, structure, and timelines.

Kansas Legislative History (2020-present)

Since 2020, there have been four child care-related bills passed by the Kansas Legislature.

In the 2022 Legislative Session, HB 2237 was passed, allowing any income or privilege taxpayer to claim the Child Day Care Assistance Tax Credit, while also claiming 50.0 percent of expenditures paid to an organization providing child care to the taxpayer’s employees.

In the 2023 Legislative Session, HB 2094 was passed, requiring the Secretary for Children and Families (Secretary) to review the child support compliance of parents applying or receiving a child care subsidy upon application for the child care subsidy, after 12 months of continuous eligibility, and following such 12 months of continuous eligibility when the Secretary renews or redetermines a parent’s eligibility for the subsidy.

In the 2024 Legislative Session, SB 491 was passed, changing the fingerprinting and background check process for licensing processes statewide. Because day care providers are licensed, these changes impact the process of hiring employees or starting a home or center.

In the 2025 Legislative Session, HB 2045 was passed, establishing the Kansas Office of Early Childhood (KOEC), transferring certain responsibilities from the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) and the Department of Children and Families (DCF), and updating laws regulating child care centers and child care homes.

Day Cares in Kansas

As of June 2025, there are 4,200 licensed child care facilities in Kansas (PDF), serving 144,000 children between the ages of two weeks and sixteen years old. The average annual cost of child care for families in Kansas is $15,156. Day cares are licensed, surveyed, and certified by the KOEC, with the assistance of DCF.

Before KOEC took over day care licensing operations, KDHE enforced regulatory safeguards for the state. Through KDHE’s child care licensing program, they processed all day care license applications, assisted with inspection activity with local health departments, and maintained multiple web-based systems. As of July 1, 2026, these services are all operated by KOEC under 2025 HB 2045.

Funding

State Funds

The State uses three funds to cover the majority of the funding for child care and child care licensure in Kansas: the State General Fund (SGF), the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), and the Children’s Initiatives Fund (CIF).

CCDF is a federal program which combines discretionary and mandatory funds, authorized by the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act and the Social Security Act, into block grants. This funding requires a State maintenance-of-effort (MOE) to continue to receive federal funding. CCDF is used to support low-income working families, child care subsidies, and early childhood system improvements.

The Children’s Initiatives Fund is an appropriated special revenue fund which is used to benefit the physical and mental health, welfare, and safety of children in Kansas, with the funding coming through the appropriations from the Kansas Endowment for Youth (KEY) fund and is appropriated for programs and activities benefiting children.

Child Care Expenditures

In FY 2025, the State of Kansas spent $114.1 million all funds, including $15.4 million SGF, $93.4 million CCDF, and $5.0 million CIF, for child care expenditures. This includes direct costs related to child care and child care licensing and does not include other functions which are funded by the CCDF or the CIF. In FY 2026, the all funds total increased to an estimated $125.8 million all funds, or a 10.3 percent increase. This increase is mainly due to an increase of $11.8 million CCDF, or 12.3 percent, for a total of $105.2 million from the CCDF. The SGF total in FY 2026 was anticipated to decrease by $427,032, or 2.8 percent. The FY 2027 budget includes $136.5 million all funds for child care and child care licensing, including $14.9 million SGF, $116.3 million CCDF, and $5.0 million CIF. This is an anticipated increase of $10.7 million above FY 2026, or 8.5 percent, mainly due to an increase in CCDF of $11.1 million, for a total of $116.3 million CCDF in FY 2027.

The funding for each year is split into five programs:

  • Child Care Subsidy Payments;
  • Child Care Licensing;
  • Regional Child Care Eligibility Determination and Case Management;
  • Child Care Eligibility for Foster Care Kids; and
  • CCDF Administration—Eligibility and Subsidy.

Child Care Subsidy Payments receives the most funding in each fiscal year, with $104.1 million all funds in FY 2025 and a budgeted $125.5 million all funds for FY 2027. Child Care Licensing receives the second most funding, with $5.8 million all funds in FY 2025 and a budgeted $6.3 million all funds for FY 2027. Regional Child Care Eligibility Determination and Case Management received $3.3 million, all from CCDF, in FY 2025 and has a budgeted $3.9 million, all from CCDF, for FY 2027. Child Care Eligibility for Foster Kids receives roughly $500,000 CCDF each year, and the CCDF Administration—Eligibility and Subsidy receives between $300,000 and $400,000 CCDF each year.

Staffing

While the KOEC is still in the process of structuring their staff operations and organizational charts, as of July 2026, the agency had determined a Deputy Director for Child Care Licensing and Finance (Deputy Director). Under the Deputy Director, the KOEC includes the Child Care Ombudsman, Child Care Subsidy Program Specialist, and four primary management roles: Child Care Assistance Integrity, Child Care Provider Enrollment Manager, Child Care Licensing Operations Director, and the Director of Systems and Field Services. Supported by 49 specialized staff members, these departments manage the child care licensing process from end-to-end. Their daily responsibilities include processing applications, background checks and fingerprinting, managing surveys, and collecting answers from day care providers.

Surveying Structure

The survey process is initiated by KOEC in four different pathways: initial application, annual inspection, when a complaint is filed, and for compliance reasons. KOEC can either do these surveys themselves or can contract licensing out to local health departments. There are currently seventeen local health departments under such contract, serving over thirty counties in the state. Local health departments apply for a licensing contract and request the amount of funding they will need for surveying. To decide the amounts awarded in the contracts, KDHE (now the KOEC) uses a funding formula that considers the size and population of the county. Each local contractor is required to submit routine reports with programming metrics, including survey timeliness reports.

Initial Application

The first time a survey is initiated is when a day care has applied for licensure. After the application is completed by the day care provider, the initial survey will be scheduled by a licensing specialist, and the day care will either be found to be compliant or noncompliant through a notice of survey findings (NOSF). If found compliant, a license or temporary permit will be issued. If found non-compliant, the licensing specialist will complete an unannounced follow-up visit.

Annual Survey

Day cares are also subject to annual survey inspections, which are unannounced visits by a licensing specialist. After this visit, a NOSF will be issued and the day care will either be found compliant, or another unannounced visit will take place. If a day care continues to be noncompliant during annual surveys, the KOEC will either review for further enforcement or complete a compliance survey.

Complaint Process

Day cares are also surveyed when a complaint is issued against their center. In these cases, a complaint is received and a licensing specialist may contact the complainant to gather more information. After this, the licensing specialist will perform an unannounced visit to interview staff of the day care and issue a NOSF. If the complaint is substantiated or any violations are citated, KOEC will review for further enforcements or perform a compliance survey. If the NOSF showed the day care complied, the complaint process would end.

Compliance Process

The final survey type is compliance, which is done after failure of an annual survey or a complaint survey. A licensing specialist will conduct an unannounced visit and issue a NOSF. If the facility is compliant, the process ends. If the facility is not compliant, KOEC repeats the compliance survey or reviews for further enforcement.

Data Centers—Overview of State Policies and Regulatory Considerations

This memorandum provides an overview of state policies and regulatory considerations related to data center development and operations. States have taken varied approaches to attract data center investment while addressing concerns related to energy demand, water consumption, utility costs, environmental impacts, and community effects. This memorandum summarizes key policy trends and compares state approaches across several categories.

Background on Data Centers

Data centers are large facilities that house computing equipment used to store, process, and transmit digital information. Data centers are used any time we utilize the Internet. Growth in cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and digital services has increased demand for new data center construction nationwide. States have responded to the increase in demand through a combination of economic development incentives, utility regulation, environmental oversight, and planning measures.

Over 4,500 data centers are in existence and operating in the United States, as of June 2026. This Data Center Map shows at least 37 of these data centers are located in Kansas.

Types of Data Centers

Generally, there are five types of data centers:

  • Hyperscale data centers or public cloud data centers (also called cloud computing data centers) are warehouse-sized facilities that store advanced servers capable of handling massive processing workloads. Hyperscale facilities typically host at least 5,000 servers, but many contain far more and have footprints measuring tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of square feet, with the largest hitting 1.0 million-plus;
  • Enterprise data centers, which are located on-premises and owned and operated by businesses for their private data storage and computing needs;
  • Colocation data centers and managed data facilities, which rent their facilities to individual businesses;
  • Edge data centers, which are smaller, highly distributed data centers located closer to end-users or specific devices to reduce latency;1 and
  • Modular data centers, also known as portable data centers, are self-contained, transportable units that allow businesses to deploy computing capacity where it is needed. These systems are designed on a “plug-and-play” basis, integrating all necessary components into a compact, fully functional data center that can operate independently upon deployment.

Cooling Methods

Generally, there are two types of data center cooling systems to remove heat from servers. These include two categories:

  • Air cooling systems, which typically rely on fans, chillers, and air handling units to circulate cool air through the facility. Another form of air cooling is referred to as free cooling, which is a method where outside cold air is drawn into the facility to cool the equipment. This is often referred to as “open-loop” data center cooling; and
  • Liquid cooling systems absorb and remove server heat using specialized fluids. These systems are particularly essential for cooling high-density environments like modern artificial intelligence and cloud computing infrastructure. This can include closed-loop cooling systems2 and immersion cooling.

Kansas Legislative History

The Kansas Legislature has passed four pieces of legislation regarding data centers in the past three legislative sessions:

  • 2026 SB 92—regarding extending exclusions regarding large-load facilities;
  • 2025 SB 98—regarding qualified data center sales tax exemptions; and
  • 2025 Sub. for HB 2149—regarding distributed energy and parallel generation; and
  • 2024 House Sub. For SB 291—regarding state cybersecurity.

No legislation regarding data centers was passed in the 2021, 2022, or 2023 Legislative Sessions.

Economic Development and Tax Policy

The National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) finds that, as of June 2026, 38 states offer some kind of tax incentive meant to attract data centers3, with Kansas being the latest addition. According to NCSL, nearly every Midwestern state and almost every state in the Great Plains, except for Nebraska and South Dakota, offer some tax incentive for data centers. Six states are considering implementing a new tax relating to data centers in attempt to raise revenue4.

Energy Infrastructure and Utility Regulation

Data Center Energy Demand—Estimated and Projected Energy Consumption

According to a report by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, U.S. data center annual energy use in 2023 (not accounting for cryptocurrency) was approximately 176 terawatt-hours (TWh), which was approximately 4.4 percent of the U.S. annual electricity consumption for that year.

According to the Pew Research Center, in 2024, U.S. data centers consumed 183 TWh of electricity, which is roughly equivalent to the annual electrical demand of the nation of Pakistan. The Pew Research Center estimates that by 2030, this figure should grow by 133.0 percent to 426 TWh.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates a typical AI-focused hyperscale data center annually consumes as much electricity as 100,000 households and predicts the larger data centers currently under construction are expected to use 20 times as much.

Additionally, because data centers are often geographically concentrated, these facilities can put a strain on power grids, according to the Electric Power Research Institute. For example, in 2023, data centers consumed about 26.0 percent of the total electricity supply in Virginia and significant shares of the supply in North Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, and Oregon. According to Electric Choice, data centers currently consume approximately 0.4 TWh of electricity annually in Kansas.

Energy Usage

The Congressional Research Service (CRS) has found that roughly one-half or greater of the electric power demand of data centers stems from the operation of electronic information technology (IT) equipment, and the rest stems from cooling.

Electric Choice provides the following chart as an overview of data center electricity consumption across states surrounding Kansas.

2026 Midwest Data Center Power Consumption (as of June 2026)
StateTerawatt Hours of Electricity consumed per year (TWh/year)
Arkansas0.3 TWh/year
Colorado1.8 TWh/year
Iowa3.8 TWh/year
Kansas0.4 TWh/year
Missouri1.2 TWh/year
Nebraska2.1 TWh/year
Oklahoma0.6 TWh/year
Chart showing data center power consumption for several Midwest states.

Energy Reporting Requirements

According to NCSL, three states are considering legislation that would require data center owners and operators report energy-related metrics regarding water consumption of their facilities:

  • California;
  • New Jersey; and
  • Oklahoma.

Generation and Demand

NCSL reports there are four states considering legislation that would promote the use of energy efficient technologies5 and certain types of electricity generation for data centers:

  • Colorado;
  • Georgia;
  • Kansas; and
  • New Jersey.

Rates, Cost Allocation, and Energy Grid Impact—Large-load Customers

Twelve states have implemented rate schedules for large-load customers through legislation or tariffs, including Kansas6. In November 2025, the Kansas Corporation Commission (KCC) created and approved the Large Load Power Service (LLPS) rate plan, which is designed to serve electric customers requiring 75 megawatts (MW) or more of peak power consumption. According to the KCC, the new LLPS rates will apply to any new facility beginning service with a peak load forecast of 75 MW or more, or an existing customer expecting to expand by 75 MW.

Primary Fuel Sources

According to the IEA, as of 2024, natural gas supplied over 40.0 percent of electricity for U.S. data centers. The IEA noted renewables, such as wind and solar, supplied about 24.0 percent of electricity for data centers, while nuclear power supplied around 20.0 percent and coal around 15.0 percent.

Renewable Energy and Resource Usage Reporting

California, Illinois, New Jersey, and Virginia are considering legislation or incentives for data centers to pull some of their power from renewable energy resources and report their electricity and water usage.

Water Use and Environmental Considerations

Estimated Water Usage

Data centers’ water usage can depend on a wide range of factors, which include location, climate, water availability, size, and IT rack chip densities.7 A study by the IEA estimates, for example, that a 100 MW U.S. data center may consume roughly 530,000 gallons per day (PDF), averaged across the various cooling strategies, with approximately 190,000 gallons per day consumed on site.

General Water Usage in Kansas

In an article in the Topeka Capitol-Journal on July 20, 2026, the Chief Engineer, Division of Water Resources, Kansas Department of Agriculture (Chief Engineer) stated that about 85.0 percent of all water consumption in Kansas goes to agricultural irrigation, noting 1.0 million gallons of water a day for a full year is approximately what six circles of corn requires to grow. He noted industrial plants and feedlots are also considerable consumers of Kansas water, and stated power plants, such as the Wolf Creek nuclear plant, with water rights use around 25.0 million gallons a day. About 8.0 to 10.0 percent of water consumption is used by Kansas municipalities.

Water Sources

Data centers can utilize water from various sources including surface water and ground water, municipal water, and purified reclaimed water. According to the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), approximately 57.0 percent of all data centers use water from potable, or safe drinking, water supplies.

Kansas Water Sources

According to the KDA’s chief engineer, there are three options for data centers to obtain water:

  • The data center could directly purchase water from city utilities, whom already obtain water rights from the state;
  • Apply for a new water right in an area of Kansas where water is more plentiful; or
  • Purchase water rights from other users.

Water-related Concerns

According to CAES, among the various concerns related to the construction and operation of data centers, the top water-related concerns include aquifer depletion, groundwater quality issues, surface water withdrawals and surface thermal pollution, chemical discharge, and electricity demand.

Reporting Requirements

According to NCSL, 13 states require data centers to report water usage to the state or in public documents8. Some of the states that have these requirements include:

  • The Virginia General Assembly passed two pieces of legislation9 aiming to obtain clarifying information regarding how much water data centers use;
  • The Minnesota Legislature passed 2025 HF 16, which requires data centers using more than 100 million gallons of water annually to obtain a permit if usage is considered by the state;
  • The Nebraska Legislature recently passed 2026 LB 1010, which requires data centers report their annual water usage; and
  • The Utah Legislature passed 2026 HB 76, which requires new large data centers to notify the local area water provider of the data center’s anticipated water consumption so that the water provider can determine if the anticipated water consumption is compatible with the selected location of the new data center. Additionally, the bill requires the new data center report water withdrawal annually to the state’s Division of Water Quality.

Currently, 13 states are also considering legislation relating to water usage studies or reports and public documents10. Additionally, though not mandated, the Texas Public Utility Commission announced in February 2026 that it will require data centers to report direct water usage, each site’s cooling technologies, and which power plants provide these businesses with electricity.

Community and Local Government Considerations

Community and local government considerations play a key role in the planning, development, and construction of new data centers. These key factors may include land use compatibility, infrastructure capacity, economic development opportunities, environmental considerations, and engagement from local stakeholders.

Community Benefit Agreements

According to the Columbia Law School, Community Benefit Agreements (CBAs), also known as Community Benefit Plans, are legally binding contracts between project developers and host municipalities and/or local community groups, under which the developer agrees to provide specified benefits to the community in which it wishes to operate, and, in return, the community agrees to not oppose or to support the project. CBAs usually involve multiple steps including public education, community negotiation, contract drafting and signing, and implementation and enforcement.

Several states are considering legislation that require data centers to enter CBAs, including:

Moratoriums and Studies

As of June 2026, various states have introduced legislation requiring studies on potential impacts of data centers within the state. Some states are also considering moratoriums on data centers to prohibit the development of any new data centers until the studies have been finished. States that are considering legislation regarding moratoriums include:

Though many states have not taken a statewide motion to effectuate moratoriums on data centers, many local governments of various states12 are attempting to or have enacted ordinances preventing the future development of new data centers, particularly hyperscale data centers.

Federal Legislation

In 2026, two pieces of legislation have been introduced regarding moratoriums that would create a temporary prohibition on the construction of new data centers and the expansion of existing data centers until Congress passes comprehensive legislation to address the economic, environmental, and safety impacts of artificial intelligence13.

Decommissioning

The decommissioning process of a data center is a multi-step process including the physical removal of equipment and infrastructure, data sanitization, disposal and recycling of hardware, documentation and reporting, and asset value recovery. Decommissioning can involve partial decommissioning of certain systems or full-scale decommissioning by closing an entire facility. Michigan, Nebraska, South Carolina14, and South Dakota are all considering legislation regarding the process of retiring, dismantling, and repurposing IT infrastructure.

Noise Pollution

Local Ordinances

Generally, noise pollution from data centers varies by facility, time of day, proximity to residential areas, and technology use. Noise pollution from data centers primarily comes from constant cooling systems, generators, fans and turbines, and power plants. Because this type of infrastructure runs constantly, the compounding effect of heavy industrial machinery produces a pervasive, low-frequency hum that can travel up to several hundreds of feet from the data center’s location. In an interview with Environmental and Energy Study Institute (EESI), a National Parks Conservation Association representative stated that because data center noise spans multiple frequency ranges, particularly in the low-frequency range, it is difficult to measure with a decibel meter, and without reliable measurements, it is difficult to enforce local noise ordinances for nearby residents.

According to EESI, noise pollution is usually regulated at the local and state level through zoning and ordinances. States with local governments that have considered or implemented ordinances regarding data center noise pollution include Arizona, Arkansas, Indiana, North Carolina, Ohio, and Texas.

Eminent Domain

Eminent domain, in general, is the inherent power of a governmental entity to take private property and convert it to public use upon payment of just compensation.

State of Kansas’ Powers of Eminent Domain

The State of Kansas has the power to exercise eminent domain15 to take private property for public purposes; this authority belongs exclusively to the Kansas Legislature and to the entities or individuals authorized by statute to exercise the power of eminent domain. According to Kansas law, certain private corporations serving a public interest for public use, such as public utilities holding a Certificate of Convenience and Necessity issued by the KCC, may also exercise the power of eminent domain under KSA 17-618.

Federal and Local Governments’ Powers of Eminent Domain

The federal government’s eminent domain power, governed by the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, stipulates that the government may obtain private land without consent of the landowner if the seizure16 is for “public use” and if the landowner is provided with “just compensation.” Additionally, most state and local governments, and certain private carriers17 also have the power to initiate eminent domain.

Conclusion

Data centers are a fundamental part of the modern digital infrastructure, supporting the storage, processing, and transmission of information that powers everyday technologies and essential services. As demand for digital connectivity continues to grow, understanding the role, benefits, and challenges of data centers is increasingly important. By considering their technological, economic, and environmental impacts, individuals, businesses, and policymakers can make more informed decisions about their future development and use. This memorandum provides background information to support an informed understanding of data centers and their role in the state’s broader technological, economic, and natural resources landscape.

1 “Data center latency” generally refers to the time it takes for data to travel from one point to another. Latency is commonly measured in milliseconds.

2 MultiState reports Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, South Dakota, Virginia, and Wisconsin are considering, and Oklahoma has passed, legislation requiring closed loop cooling systems in data centers. The Kansas Legislature considered 2026 SB 400, but the bill ultimately died after being referred to the Senate Committee on Utilities.

3 States: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

4Arizona, Georgia, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia.

5 According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), examples of renewable energy sources include biomass energy, geothermal energy, hydropower, solar energy, and wind.

6 States: Arizona, California, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Utah, and Virginia.

7 IT rack chip densities refers to the amount of electrical power consumed and heat generated by the dense microchips housed within a single data center server rack.

8 States: Arkansas, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, and Washington.

9 See 2026 VA HB 496 and 2026 VA SB 553.

10 States: California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Vermont, and Virginia.

11 See 2025 SB 1359 and 2025 SB 1345.

12 States: Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico, New York, Texas, Utah, and Wisconsin.

13 The Artificial Intelligence Data Center Moratorium Act was introduced in the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives.

14 See 2026 SB 867 and 2026 SB 902.

15 See Kansas Statutes Annotated Chapter 26.

16 Another term for this action is “condemnation.”

17 Governments have the capability to delegate power of eminent domain to private entities, such as power and water companies. Every state has its own laws regarding the delegation of power to use eminent domain.

Kansas Benefits for Veterans and Military Personnel

The following memorandum provides information on the various benefits available to veterans, military personnel, and military families in Kansas, with statutory references where applicable. It is meant to aid veterans and service members, as well as legislators and state agencies, in their understanding of how each benefit is administered and to whom each benefit may be administered.

Services Provided by Agencies

The following section provides an overview of the services offered by the two state agencies whose statutory duties revolve almost exclusively around current and former military personnel: the Kansas Adjutant General’s Department and the Kansas Office of Veterans Services.

Kansas Adjutant General’s Department

Among other duties, the Adjutant General’s Department provides for the organization and readiness of the Kansas Air and Army National Guard (Kansas National Guard). The Kansas National Guard has approximately 7,000 members throughout the state who work in full-time civilian jobs and also perform federal military duties during scheduled training weekends and other more prolonged periods. Through the Adjutant General’s Department, members of the Kansas National Guard assist Kansans during extreme weather events, such as tornadoes and wildfires, and during other emergency events, such as dam failures and hazardous material incidents.

Kansas Office of Veterans Services

The Kansas Office of Veterans Services (KOVS) provides Kansas veterans and their families with advice and assistance in obtaining benefits and services intended to improve quality of life. The agency is charged with administering the Veterans Claims Assistance Program (VCAP) and operating two State Veterans’ Homes and four State Veterans’ Cemeteries. In addition, the agency runs the KanVet website, which provides direct access to veteran-specific resources and benefits in Kansas.

Veterans Claims Assistance Program

KOVS established the Veteran Services Program to provide information and advocacy to veterans. The Veteran Services Program oversees the VCAP, which requires the agency to administer annual service grants to eligible veterans service organizations for the purpose of training veterans claims assistance representatives (KSA 73-1234). Veterans claims assistance representatives, once accredited, may assist veterans in completing their applications or claims for federal benefits. Though several veterans service organizations are eligible to contract with the KOVS for the purposes of receiving a VCAP service grant, only the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) and the American Legion organizations typically participate. The 2024 Kansas Legislature appropriated $1.0 million from the State General Fund for the VCAP service grant for state fiscal year (SFY) 2024 and again for SFY 2025. The funding will address a growing need for more veterans claims assistance representatives in Kansas due to the implementation of the federal Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics (PACT) Act of 2022, which expanded eligibility for US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care to veterans of certain wars and veterans exposed to toxicities. KOVS estimates that in SFY 2023, the Veteran Services Program assisted in submitting over 14,750 claims for benefits to the VA. This resulted in more than $275.0 million in federal benefits paid to Kansas veterans and their families

State Veterans’ Homes

The KOVS also operates two State Veterans’ Homes that provide long-term and domiciliary care to veterans: the Kansas Veterans’ Home (KVH), located in Fort Dodge, and the Kansas Soldiers’ Home (KSH), located in Winfield. (Note: The 2023 Kansas Legislature appropriated $17.2 million from the State Institutions Building Fund for the construction of a third veterans’ home to be located adjacent to the Colmery O’Neil Medical Center in Topeka, Kansas, contingent on the federal government providing the remaining 65.0 percent in federal funds. During the 2026 Legislative Session, KOVS reported that the federal government had yet to release the matching funds.)

KVH and the KSH serve veterans who have been discharged under conditions other than dishonorable who may be disabled to such an extent that they need long-term care or domiciliary care. Long-term care and related medical services are provided to veterans who require skilled or intermediate nursing care. Domiciliary care is provided to veterans who suffer from a disability that prevents them from earning a living but who are not in need of hospitalization or nursing care services. In addition, KSH offers cottage living to veterans who are capable of independent living and maintaining the upkeep of the residences.

Although both veterans’ homes have a fixed monthly room rate, the amount a veteran is actually charged is contingent upon the veteran’s ability to pay. No veteran is denied admission based on financial status. Veterans who have a service-connected disability of 70.0 percent or more do not pay resident fees at either home. If space is available at either home, care may also be provided to veterans’ family members.

State Veterans’ Cemeteries

KOVS manages and operates the following four State Veterans’ Cemeteries in Kansas: Fort Dodge, Fort Riley, WaKeeney, and Winfield. Through the State Veterans’ Cemetery program, KOVS provides veterans and their dependents with the following cemetery benefits at no charge: burial space, grave liner, opening and closing of the grave, perpetual care, scattering garden, headstone or marker, and placement of cremation remains in either a columbarium niche or an in-ground internment plot. KOVS offers the opportunity to pre-register for internment at no cost to veterans or veterans’ families.

The following veterans are eligible for burial at a veterans’ cemetery, regardless of whether they were a resident of Kansas:

  • Veterans who were discharged from active duty under other than dishonorable conditions;
  • Veterans who died while on active duty; and
  • National Guard or Reservist members with 20 years of qualifying service who are entitled to retired pay or would be entitled to retired pay if at least 60 years of age.

In addition, spouses of eligible veterans may be interred at a veterans’ cemetery, regardless of whether the veteran-spouse is buried at a veterans’ cemetery. If the surviving spouse of an eligible veteran is remarried to a non-veteran, the spouse is still eligible for burial at a veterans’ cemetery so long as the veteran-spouse’s death occurred on or after January 1, 2000. Likewise, children of eligible veterans may also be interred at a veterans’ cemetery, though the dependent child must satisfy one of the following conditions:

  • Be under the age of 21 and unmarried;
  • Be under the age of 23 and unmarried and pursuing a full-time course of instruction at an approved educational institution;
  • Be of any age and unmarried, if the child became permanently physically or mentally disabled and incapable of self-support prior to reaching the age of 21; or
  • Be of any age and unmarried, if the child became permanently physically or mentally disabled and incapable of self-support prior to reaching the age of 23 if pursuing a full-time course of instruction at an approved educational institution.

Finally, the Adjutant General’s Department is responsible for providing veterans with military honors funerals (KSA 73-309). However, should a veteran be cremated and their remains left unclaimed, a funeral service is authorized to relinquish those remains to KOVS or to a National Veterans’ Cemetery for disposition by burial or for disposition in a tomb, mausoleum, crypt, or niche in a columbarium wall (KSA 65-1732, 2026 HB 2331).

Court Proceedings and Sentencing

Under certain circumstances, a veteran’s service status and/or their service-connected disability may be taken into consideration in legal matters.

Civil Matters

Under Kansas statute, a final order establishing a child custody arrangement for a child of at least one service member must include provisions regarding custody and parenting time in the event the service member parent is deployed, mobilized, placed on temporary duty, or if a deceased veteran was entitled to Social Security benefits, VA benefits, or any public or private retirement or annuity plan, the surviving spouse and children may be paid up to $10,000 in benefits (KSA 59-1507a).

Mitigating Factors in Criminal Proceedings

If a veteran is charged with an alcohol-related offense, a prosecutor may consider the veteran’s combat service-related injuries when determining if diversion, rather than a criminal trial, would be in the interest of justice and of benefit to the veteran and the community (KSA 12- 4415, KSA 22-2908). Likewise, a judge may consider as mitigating factors any combat service-related injuries when sentencing a veteran defendant to treatment (KSA 21-6630, KSA 21-6815). Applicable service-related injuries include major depressive disorder, polytrauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, and traumatic brain injury.

Veteran Treatment Courts

Veteran treatment courts (VTCs) offer a non-adversarial treatment program for veterans in the criminal justice system who suffer from mental health issues or substance abuse issues, or both, related to their service in the armed forces. Treatment courts generally offer two alternatives to incarceration: diversion and probation. Veterans who satisfy all requirements of diversion will have their charges and cases dismissed. Veterans who satisfy all requirements of probation will have their cases closed successfully. Currently, VTCs in Kansas are offered by the following judicial districts:

  • 1st Judicial District (Leavenworth County);
  • 3rd Judicial District (Shawnee County);
  • 7th Judicial District (Douglas County);
  • 10th Judicial District (Johnson County);
  • 18th Judicial District (Sedgwick County); and
  • 29th Judicial District (Wyandotte County).

Qualifying veterans must be eligible for benefits through the VA, and veterans charged with certain extreme offenses are excluded from participating in VTCs. Veterans who participate in VTCs are required to attend all court hearings as well as meetings with an assigned veteran mentor. Some veterans may also be required to attend recovery-support meetings.

For a veteran-defendant to be eligible for VTCs, the court must determine that the veteran-defendant has served in the armed forces and suffers from an injury that was connected to service in a combat zone. Furthermore, a veteran-defendant who meets the aforementioned criteria must be charged with an offense set forth in KSA 21-6824 and be ineligible for treatment from any facility or program operated by the U.S. Department of War (formerly the U.S. Department of Defense), the VA, or the Kansas National Guard (KSA 21-6630(b)(2)). However, if such defendant’s crime of conviction falls within a presumptive nonperson category, the court may order such defendant to undergo inpatient or outpatient treatment from a facility or program operated by the U.S. Department of War, the VA, or the Kansas National Guard (KSA 21-6630(b)(1)).

Education

The State of Kansas offers a variety of educational benefits to veterans and military personnel. The benefits range from tuition assistance to recognition of a high school diploma.

Postsecondary Education

Benefits related to postsecondary education typically apply at the following public postsecondary educational institutions in Kansas: Emporia State University, Fort Hays State University, Kansas State University, Pittsburg State University, University of Kansas, Wichita State University, Washburn University, community colleges, and technical colleges.

Residency

Current members of the U.S. armed forces and the Kansas National Guard, as well as their spouses or dependents, are considered residents by the Kansas Board of Regents (KBOR) institutions and by community and technical colleges (KSA 48-3601(a)). Moreover, the following individuals are also entitled to the in-state resident tuition and fees rates at postsecondary educational institutions regardless of the length of time spent residing in Kansas:

  • An individual who: (a) files a letter of intent to establish residency with the intended postsecondary educational institution; (b) lives in the state while attending the postsecondary institution; and (c) is eligible for benefits under any federal law authorizing educational benefits for veterans (KSA 48-3601(b)(1)).
  • A veteran who: (a) was honorably discharged or received a general discharge under honorable conditions; (b) was stationed in Kansas for at least 11 months during service in the armed forces or had established residency in Kansas prior to service in the armed forces; and (c) lives in Kansas at the time of enrollment (KSA 48-3601(b)(2)).
  • The spouse or dependent of a veteran who: (a) was honorably discharged or received a general discharge under honorable conditions; (b) was stationed in Kansas for at least 11 months during service in the armed forces or had established residency in Kansas prior to service in the armed forces; and (c) lives in Kansas at the time of enrollment (KSA 48-3601(b)(3)).

Tuition Assistance (Veterans and Active Duty)

The Kansas Military Service Scholarship is available to certain veterans and service members for the payment of tuition and fees at postsecondary educational institutions in Kansas (KSA 74-32,227 et seq.). The amount awarded varies depending on the number of hours and the program in which the applicant is enrolled, though applicants who demonstrate a great financial need take priority (KSA 74-32,229). To be eligible for the Kansas Military Service Scholarship, an applicant must be a Kansas resident who demonstrates scholastic ability and has been accepted to or is enrolled in a postsecondary institution (KSA 74-32,228).

Furthermore, the applicant is required to provide the following:

  • Proof that they served after September 11, 2001, in international waters or on foreign soil in support of military operations for at least 90 days or for less than
  • 90 days due to injuries received during such military service;
  • Proof that they received an honorable discharge or a general discharge under honorable conditions or are still in military service; and
  • Copies of military discharge papers or active-duty orders that indicate the location and time period of such person’s deployment.

The Kansas National Guard Educational Assistance Act established a program that provides tuition and fee assistance for enlisted personnel in the Kansas National Guard. Specifically, guardsmen who participate receive assistance to pay for the cost of their tuition and required fees for not more than 15 credit hours per semester, provided that the total number of credits does not exceed 150.0 percent of the number of hours needed to complete the educational program (KSA 74-32,148).

Under the National Guard Educational Assistance Act, only individuals who are current members of the Kansas National Guard and are enrolled at a Kansas educational institution who are not under a Suspension of Favorable Action flag or on the Unit Unfavorable file are eligible to receive financial assistance. Individuals who hold a baccalaureate or higher academic degree and individuals who do not have a high school diploma or the equivalent are ineligible for assistance (KSA 74-32,147).

Similarly, the Kansas National Guard Educational Master’s for Enhanced Readiness and Global Excellence (EMERGE) Program provides financial assistance to eligible Kansas National Guard members and their dependents who pursue advanced degrees at Kansas educational institutions (KSA 74-32,305 et seq.). Each academic year, the Adjutant General selects up to 100 eligible guardsmen to receive assistance to pay for the cost of tuition and required fees for not more than 15 credit hours per semester, provided that the total number of credits does not exceed 150.0 percent of the number of hours needed to complete the educational program (KSA 74-32,308). To be eligible for the EMERGE program, guardsmen and their dependents must have been accepted into an eligible master’s degree program and not be under a Suspension of Favorable Action flag or on the Unit Unfavorable file (KSA 74-32-306).

Guardsmen and their dependents who are selected for the EMERGE program must agree to several conditions or will otherwise have to repay the State an amount of money as determined by the formula found in KSA 74-32,309. Prior to accepting the financial assistance, a guardsman must apply for federal tuition assistance and agree in writing to the following two conditions: (1) complete the guardsman’s current service obligation; and (2) serve actively and in good standing for no less than 48 months following the completion of the program. While participating in the graduate program, guardsmen must remain in good standing at their educational institution, make satisfactory progress toward completion of their degree, and maintain at least a 2.75 GPA.

The Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) Scholarship is awarded each academic year to 40 eligible students at each ROTC institution in Kansas. The selected students receive up to 70.0 percent of the cost of attendance for an academic year (KSA 74-3256). Students who are selected for the scholarship must agree to several conditions prior to and after graduation from an ROTC institution or will otherwise have to repay the State an amount equal to the total amount of scholarship payments received plus interest (KSA 74-3260). If selected to receive the ROTC Scholarship, students must agree to the following provisions of KSA 74-3259 to receive payments:

  • Maintain standards of academic excellence and other standards required to remain in good standing;
  • Maintain minimum full-time enrollment of at least 12 credit hours each semester;
  • Participate in the ROTC program;
  • Demonstrate the qualities required in a commissioned officer; and
  • Immediately upon graduation from an ROTC institution, accept a commission as a second lieutenant and serve for not less than four years as a commissioned officer in the Kansas National Guard.

Finally, the Kansas Adult Learner Grant program allows an individual who satisfactorily demonstrates they have successfully completed a postsecondary Adult Learner Grant program to be eligible for a Kansas Workforce Retention Incentive Tax Credit of $1,500 if the individual has (a) commenced service in the military or (b) resided in Kansas for at least two consecutive years following the completion of their program and the individual is currently employed in Kansas (KSA 74-32,287).

Tuition Assistance (Spouses and Dependents)

The Kansas Promise Scholarship provides tuition and related fees for, among others, Kansas residents who are dependent children of military servicemembers permanently stationed in another state who enroll in eligible programs at Kansas community colleges and technical colleges (KSA 74-32,275). To be eligible for a scholarship, students must complete all application forms, apply for federal tuition assistance, and enter into an agreement with the college. An individual who begins service as a military service member after receiving the Promise Scholarship will be deemed to have satisfied the requirements of the agreement (KSA 74-32,276(d)). Notwithstanding the exception for service members, KSA 74-32,276(a) requires the recipient to agree to the following prior to receiving any financial aid:

  • Enroll as a full-time or part-time student at an eligible postsecondary educational institution and complete the eligible program within 36 months;
  • Within six months after graduation, either:
  • Reside in and begin working in Kansas for at least two consecutive years; or
  • Enroll as a student at any postsecondary educational institution with its primary location in Kansas and, upon graduation or failure to re-enroll, reside in and begin working in Kansas for at least two consecutive years;
  • Maintain records and make reports as required by the KBOR to document the satisfaction of the requirements; and
  • Upon failure to satisfy the requirements, repay the State an amount equal to the total amount of scholarship payments received plus interest.

The Kansas Hero’s Scholarship provides free tuition and fees to, among others: (1) any prisoner of war, and (2) any dependent or spouse of any resident of Kansas who: (a) died while serving in military service; (b) sustained a service-connected injury or disability that rendered the servicemember incapable of continuing such servicemember’s military service; or (c) is entitled to compensation for a service-connected disability of at least 80.0 percent (KSA 75-4364).

Similar to the Kansas Hero’s Scholarship, KSA 73-1217 provides for free tuition and fees to any dependent of a prisoner of war or a person missing in action. However, “prisoner of war” and “person missing in action” are limited in this instance to mean only male Kansans who have been declared a prisoner of war or person missing in action by the U.S. Secretary of Defense after January 1, 1960 (KSA 73-1216). A dependent of such person who enrolls at a postsecondary educational institution in Kansas may receive up to ten semesters of financial assistance (KSA 73-1217). Likewise, a dependent of a person who died as a result of a service-connected disability suffered during, and as a result of, the Vietnam conflict who enrolls at a postsecondary educational institution in Kansas may receive up to 12 semesters of financial assistance (KSA 73-1218). Moreover, an opinion released issued by a former Attorney General of Kansas states that eligible dependents who apply for retroactive educational benefits under either statute must be reimbursed for fees and tuition (AG Opin. 87-106).

Primary and Secondary Education

As with postsecondary education, a number of benefits related to primary and secondary education are available to veterans and service members. Notably, as of July 1, 2025, School districts must provide for the advance enrollment of an out-of-state military student whose parents will be stationed in Kansas during the current or succeeding school year (KSA 72-3129).

Interstate Commission on Educational Opportunity for Military Children

Kansas has been a member of the Interstate Commission on Educational Opportunity for Military Children since 2008. The Interstate Compact on Educational Opportunity for Military Children (Interstate Compact) addresses educational transition issues military families may face when relocating to new duty stations. The Interstate Commission assists military families with enrollment, placement, attendance, eligibility, and graduation (KSA 72-8268). The Interstate Compact applies to the children of:

  • Active-duty service members, including National Guard and Reserve service members on active-duty orders;
  • Service members or veterans who are severely injured and medically discharged or retired for one year; and
  • Service members who die on active duty or as a result of injuries sustained on active duty for a period of one year after death.

Operation Recognition

Operation Recognition is a program that awards honorary high school diplomas to deserving and qualified veterans of World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War era, including deceased veterans, who left high school before graduation to serve in the military. To be eligible for recognition, veterans must have served in WWII from September 16, 1940, to December 31, 1946, or served in the Korean War from June 27, 1950, to January 31, 1955, or served during both periods, and must have received an honorable discharge.

Employment and Labor

Veterans and military personnel are entitled to certain employment protections not provided to non-military citizens.

Military Leave and Pay

Benefits-eligible state employees who are part of a reserve military component are entitled to 30 working days of paid military leave for required military duty (i.e., active duty, inactive duty, or full-time Kansas National Guard duty) within a 12-month period beginning on October 1 of each year (KAR 1-9-7b(a)).

Similarly, benefits-eligible employees may be granted military leave without pay or appropriate accrued leave for the purposes of induction, entrance, or examination for entrance into a reserve component (KAR 1-9-7b(d)). However, if the employee is an officer of the State of Kansas, the employee is not entitled to compensation during their absence unless the officer resumes the duties of the position prior to the date on which the temporary vacancy would have expired (KSA 73-218).

The length of the employee’s absence determines when the employee must return to work to have their position reinstated (KAR 1-9-7(b)(f)). Upon an employee’s return from service, the employee must be permitted to return to one of the following positions:

  • The position in which the employee would have been employed if the employee had not been absent; or
  • A position with status and pay similar to the status and pay the employee would have had if the employee had not been absent. If the employee is not qualified to perform the position’s duties because of disability sustained while absent, the employee must be offered a job that is comparable to the former position in status and pay (KAR 1-9-7(b)(e)(1)(2)).

In addition to having their job reinstated, state employees who serve in the military reserves and are called to full-time military duty are authorized to receive a one-time activation payment of $1,500 (KSA 75-3228(a)). Furthermore, if the employee’s military base pay is less than the employee’s regular state pay, the employee is entitled to the difference between such employee’s military base pay and regular state pay in an amount not to exceed $1,000 per pay period (KSA 75-3228(b)).

If a state employee who participates in a pension plan is required to leave to serve in the military, the employee’s military service does not count as a break in continuous employment for purposes of the pension plan (KSA 74-4913(1)(b)). This means that the employee will receive full credit for continuous employment. The employee may also receive up to five years in prior service credits for purposes of the pension plan if the employee was employed by a participating employer in the time period immediately preceding and following the employee’s military service (KSA 74-4913(1)(b)). However, an employee who has less than one year of service at the time they are required to enter military service will not become a member of the retirement system until they return to the employment of a participating member (KSA 74-4913(2)(b)). Finally, an employee of the state, including judges, may purchase up to six years of participating service credit for their periods of active military service (KSA 74-4919h; KSA 20-2625).

Employment Preference

In certain circumstances, veterans may receive preference in hiring decisions over other job applicants and candidates.

State Employment

The State of Kansas has a policy that veterans be preferred for initial employment and first promotion if competent to perform the requisite services. Within 30 days of a position being filled, the State must notify all eligible veterans who applied but were not hired for the position that the position has been filled. A veteran who receives such notice from the State may be able to file an administrative appeal (KSA 73-201(c)). Veterans must exhaust all available administrative remedies prior to bringing an action in district court (KSA 73-201(g)).

Similarly, in awarding contracts for the performance of any job or service from which appropriated funds will be expended, the Secretary of Administration for Kansas must give a preference to disabled veteran businesses doing business as Kansas firms, corporations, or individuals, or those entities maintaining an office or place of business in Kansas (KSA 73-230(a)). To be considered a disabled veteran business, at least 51.0 percent of the business or stock must be owned by one or more disabled veterans, and the management and daily operations of the business must be controlled by one or more disabled veterans (KSA 73-230(b)(2)). Under the statute, a disabled veteran is a person who:

  • Served in the active military, naval, air, or space service, including those groups and individuals listed under 38 CFR § 3.7, and who was discharged or released therefrom under an honorable discharge or a general discharge under honorable conditions;
  • Incurred or aggravated a disability during the line of duty; and
  • Has a service-connected disability equal to or greater than 30.0 percent (KSA 73-230(b)(1)).

Private Employment

Private employers may also adopt a policy that gives hiring preference to veterans, so long as the policy is in writing and is applied consistently to all decisions regarding initial employment (KSA 73-231). The statue requires such veterans to submit proof of military service and discharge status to such an employer to establish eligibility for the preference.

Finance and Insurance

Insurance benefits and other financial incentives are offered to veterans in Kansas.

Insurance

Insurance benefits for veterans include life insurance, insurance reinstatement, and insurance retention.

Life Insurance

During active duty, employees are provided with a basic life insurance policy valued at 150.0 percent of their annual salary. Service members have the option to retain additional life insurance coverage by covering the premiums for 16 months, after which they can convert the policy to an individual plan.

Insurance Reinstatement

No Kansas resident on military service activation, including their spouse or dependents, who becomes eligible for a federally sponsored health insurance program may be declined reinstatement into the same individual coverage with the identical health plan that lapsed due to such activation (KSA 48-292).

Insurance Retention

No personal insurance (e.g., vehicle or homeowners insurance) issued to a Kansas resident on active military deployment outside of the United States, or to the spouse or any dependent of such Kansas resident, shall be subject to cancellation, non-renewal, premium increase, or adverse tier placement based solely upon the Kansas resident’s military deployment (KSA 48-296).

Other Financial Benefits

Many financial incentives are available to veterans, including consumer protection, emergency financial assistance, exemption from loan interest, workers compensation, and gratuity.

Consumer Protection

The Kansas Consumer Protection Act defines members of the military and their immediate family members, as well as veterans and their surviving spouses, as “protected consumers” (KSA 50-676(g)).

Emergency Financial Assistance Through the Military Emergency Relief Fund

The Kansas Adjutant General may extend grants and interest-free loans to Kansas National Guard service members, members of the reserve forces, and their families to assist with financial emergencies through the Military Emergency Relief Fund.

Partial Exemption from Medical Loans

The University of Kansas Medical Center administers two loan programs providing tuition and a stipend to undergraduate students enrolled in or admitted to the University of Kansas School of Medicine to encourage practicing medicine in specific areas and facilities within the state. If a person or their spouse is unable to fulfill their obligations due to active military service, they are exempt from paying the 15.0 percent annual interest rate on any funds received through these loan programs (KSA 76-386).

Workers’ Compensation Coverage for National Guard Members

 Members of the Kansas National Guard who are eligible to receive workers’ compensation benefits under the Kansas program may receive benefits under the general workers’ compensation program (KSA 44-505g). Any injury, disease, illness, or death that occurred before July 1, 2024, is governed by the service member’s current benefits. To calculate the benefits, the service member’s current military earnings will be used as their average weekly wage. Additionally, there will be a deduction from the benefit amount owed to the service member by the State for any federal benefits the service member or their dependents receive for an injury, disease, illness, or death. All service members are required to sign an authorization consenting to the release of information regarding any federal compensation received for adjustments to be made to State benefits.

Alternate Death Gratuity

In the event of a federal government shutdown with no federal funding available, the Kansas Adjutant General will provide a $100,000 death gratuity for eligible Kansas military service members who are killed (KSA 48-283).

Motor Vehicles

A number of benefits related to motor vehicles are afforded to veterans and military personnel.

Driver’s Licenses

Veteran License

A veteran who served in the active military, naval, air, or space service, including those groups and individuals listed under 38 CFR § 3.7, and who was discharged or released under an honorable discharge or a general discharge under honorable conditions may have “VETERAN” added to the veteran’s Kansas driver’s license or non-driver identification card in order to prove eligibility for other types of benefits. To do so, the veteran must provide a copy of the veteran’s DD form 214, NGB form 22, or equivalent discharge document showing character of service as honorable or general under honorable conditions (KSA 8-243, KSA 8-1234).

Commercial Driver’s License

The Director of Vehicles of the Kansas Department of Revenue has the authority to exempt a commercial driver’s license applicant from the knowledge and skills test if the applicant provides evidence of military commercial vehicle driving experience that meets the requirements of 49 CFR 383.77 or if the applicant qualifies for a waiver under the Military Even Exchange Program for commercial driver’s licenses (KSA 8-2,133).

The military experience must involve operating a vehicle similar to the commercial vehicle the applicant expects to operate, and the applicant must not have been convicted of any offense that would disqualify a civilian commercial driver. Additionally, some state requirements for written and driving testing may be waived for an applicant for a Class M (motorcycle) driver’s license who has completed motorcycle safety training in accordance with U.S. Department of War requirements.

Distinctive License Plates

Veterans and military personnel can choose from a variety of license plates and decals to commemorate their service. No distinctive plate fees apply to any of the license plates described below, though a distinctive plate may be personalized for a fee. The statutory fee for a decal is $2 (KSA 8-1,141).

Disabled Veteran License Plates

A disabled veteran is eligible to receive a distinctive license plate free of charge if the veteran:

  • Received an honorable discharge or a general discharge under honorable conditions from the active military, naval, air, or space service, including those groups and individuals listed under 38 CFR § 3.7;
  • Has a disability that was incurred or aggravated in the line of duty in the active military, naval, air, or space service; and
  • Has a service-connected evaluation percentage equal to or greater than 50 percent.

A disabled veteran license plate authorizes its holder to park without charge at a metered space or in a public parking facility (KSA 8-160 and KSA 8-161). Any person eligible for a disabled veteran license plate may receive a permanent placard to hang from the rearview mirror and a wheelchair emblem decal to affix to a distinctive license plate. The distinctive plate is also available to any Kansas resident who owns or leases a motor vehicle and who is responsible for the transportation of a disabled veteran (KSA 8-1,125). In addition, state law mandates that when an attendant is on duty at a dual self-service and full- service station, the attendant must provide service to vehicles displaying a disabled veteran plate at the self-service price (KSA 8-1,133).

General Service Plates

A veteran or service member may choose a distinctive military service license plate to which a decal may be added to indicate service in a particular branch of the military (KSA 8-1,146). A veteran or service member also may choose a license plate specific to a branch of service and may request that the branch-specific license plate be printed to indicate that such person is a retired member of one of the following branches: Army, Navy, Marines, Air Force, Coast Guard, or Space Force (KSA 8-1,194 et seq.). For any of these license plates, the veteran must provide proof of having been discharged or released under an honorable discharge or a general discharge under honorable conditions and additional proof of retirement for “retired” to be added to a military branch license plate.

A specialized license plate is also available to a regularly enlisted or retired, warrant, or commissioned member of the Kansas National Guard (KSA 8-177a). Similarly, a 1st Infantry Division distinctive license plate is available to a member who is either currently serving in any unit of the 1st Infantry Division of the U.S. Army, the Fort Riley Garrison, or a unit assigned to the Fort Riley Garrison, or has received an honorable discharge or a general discharge under honorable conditions from the active military, naval, air, or space service, including those groups and individuals listed under 38 CFR § 3.7, and has served at least nine months in the 1st Infantry Division (KSA 8-1,221).

Military Honors Plates

Distinctive license plates commemorating a particular military honor are available to veterans who provide proof that one of the following honors was received by such veteran:

A decal may be added to a license plate for which proof of military service is required to indicate the person registering the vehicle received the Silver Star, Bronze Star, Combat Medical Badge, Combat Infantry Badge, Combat Action Badge, Navy/Marine Corps Combat Action Ribbon, Army Distinguished Service Cross, Navy Cross, Air Force Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross, Army of Occupation Medal, or Navy Occupation Service Medal (KSA 8-1,156).

Theater of Service Plates

Distinctive license plates are available to veterans who provide proof of service during one or more of the following wars or conflicts: Vietnam, Korea, Operation Desert Storm, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation Enduring Freedom (KSA 8-1,163; KSA 8-1,185—KSA 8-1,188).

Other Military-related License Plates

Survivors of deceased military members have options to commemorate their loved ones by way of distinctive licensed plates. A Gold Star Mother license plate is available to the mother of a person who died while in good standing in active-duty military service with proof of such status (KSA 8-177d). A Families of the Fallen license plate is available to U.S. Department of War-recognized next of kin of deceased military personnel (meaning any person entitled to receive the Gold Star lapel button under 10 USC § 1126 or the lapel button for next of kin of deceased personnel) (KSA 8-1,166).

There are several other military-related license plates offered to Kansans, including civilians. Any Kansan may apply for a Buffalo Soldier or Support the Troops license plate, though these plates will not be available until a sufficient number of such plates have been requested (KSA 8-1,210, 8-1,219). Any Kansan who survived the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor is eligible for a distinctive plate (KSA 8-1,139). Similarly, a distinctive license plate is available to any civilian or military personnel, including a surviving spouse, who was held as a prisoner of war (KSA 8-177c).

Professions and Occupations

Veterans are given credit toward certification for completing training of transferable skills and the ability to maintain licensure while in service. Kansas was the first state to join the Alliance for States Providing Interoperable Reciprocity (ASPIRE), which supports military families by advocating for professional licensing reciprocity and mutual recognition for military spouses and veterans.

Licensure Regulations

Credit for Military Education and Training

Statutes direct state agencies issuing professional licenses to accept from an applicant the military education, training, or service equal to the completed existing educational requirements established by the agency. The license may be granted even if the service member was discharged under less-than-honorable conditions. While this rule generally does not apply to the Board of Nursing, the Board of Emergency Medical Services, or the practice of law, there are special provisions for nurses and emergency medical technicians (KSA 48-3407).

State Application and Licensure

Kansas exempts military service members and their spouses from all fees associated with the application and renewal of occupational licenses, including criminal background check fees (KSA 48-3406). However, the application for reciprocal occupational licensing exemption is limited to individuals residing in Kansas or planning to reside in Kansas because of military assignment (KSA 48-3406).

A Kansas licensing body must issue a professional license to a non-resident military spouse and service member or to an honorably discharged veteran or military-veteran spouse within 15 days after a complete application is received if the potential licensee holds professional licenses in other states and meets certain requirements. The service member does not need to be active for their spouse to qualify for expedited licensure (KSA 48-3406).

Probationary Credentialing / Temporary Permits

A Kansas licensing body may allow a service member or military spouse to have a license on a probationary basis for up to six months when the applicant does not qualify for licensure, registration, or certification by endorsement, reinstatement, or reciprocity and the service member or military spouse meets certain criteria (KSA 48-3406). In addition, licensing bodies are granted discretion to issue a probationary credential to an applicant who does not hold a valid out-of-state current credential but who worked in an occupation that was not a regulated profession in the other state for at least three of the four immediately preceding years and who otherwise meets the requirements for probationary credentialing. An applicant may also be issued a probationary credential based on “private certification,” as defined in statute, but generally consisting of recognition from a private organization as meeting its standards.

Maintaining License While Serving

For military service members holding a Kansas occupational or professional license, such license remains valid while the licensee is in military service and for up to six months after release. The licensee does not need to pay a renewal fee, submit a renewal application, or meet continuing education or other license conditions. However, this provision does not apply to licensees who engage in the licensed activity outside of the line of duty while in military service (KSA 48- 3402). Additionally, a license cannot be revoked, suspended, or canceled due to failure to maintain professional liability insurance or failure to pay the surcharge to the Health Care Stabilization Fund (KSA 48-3405).

Professional Credentials with Less Than Honorable Discharge

Kansas permits licensing bodies to grant professional credentials to service members and military spouses who meet all the requirements for professional credentials but were separated from the military under less-than-honorable conditions as well as under honorable conditions (KSA 48-3406).

Specific Licenses

Athletic Trainers

The Athletic Trainer Licensure Compact will not require active-duty military personnel or their spouses to pay to the Athletic Training Compact Commission for Compact privileges. If a member state chooses to charge a fee, the member state may choose to charge a reduced fee or no fee to active-duty military personnel or their spouses for Compact privileges (2026 HB 2533).

Attorneys

Kansas Supreme Court Rule 720 grants applicants a military-spouse restricted license to practice law without taking the Kansas bar examination if the applicant meets the following requirements:

  • Is eligible under Kansas Supreme Court Rule 708;
  • Is admitted by examination and licensed for the practice of law by the highest court of another state, the District of Columbia, or a U.S. territory;
  • Has never received professional discipline of suspension, disbarment, or loss of license in any jurisdiction;
  • Resides or will reside in Kansas as a spouse of an active member of the U.S. Uniformed Services stationed in Kansas; and
  • Is or will be employed with a Kansas attorney whose license is active and in good standing and who regularly engages in the practice of law, so long as the Kansas attorney certifies that the Kansas attorney will have ultimate responsibility for clients.

Audiologists and Speech-Language Pathologists

The Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology Interstate Compact (Compact) allows active-duty military personnel and their spouses to designate a home state where such service member or spouse has a license in good standing and allows such military personnel member or spouse to retain that home state designation during the period of time the service member is on active duty. Additionally, the Compact requires member states to recognize the right of an audiologist or speech-language pathologist licensed in a member state to practice in another member state via telehealth (KSA 65-6513 et seq.).

Barbers

Kansas allows a person to receive a license to practice barbering if the person meets the following qualifications:

  • Is at least 16 years of age and of good moral character and temperate habits;
  • Has graduated from a high school accredited by the appropriate accrediting agency or has otherwise obtained the equivalent of a high school education;
  • Is a graduate of a barber school or barber college approved by the Kansas Board of Barbering or has satisfactorily completed the barber course at an institution under the control of the Secretary of Corrections or the disciplinary barracks at Fort Leavenworth or has been certified in a related industry, such as barbering in any branch of the U.S. military service, and has completed a course of study in a licensed Kansas barber college or barber school as prescribed by the Kansas Board of Barbering under KSA 65-1810(e), and amendments thereto, or has been a cosmetologist licensed by the Kansas Board of Cosmetology and has completed a course of study in a licensed Kansas barber college or barber school as prescribed by the Kansas Board of Barbering under KSA 65-1810(e), and amendments thereto; and
  • Has paid an examination fee and has passed the examination conducted by the Kansas Board of Barbering to determine the fitness of such person to practice barbering (KSA 65-1812).

Professions Licensed by the Behavioral Sciences Regulatory Board

The Behavioral Sciences Regulatory Board adopted an expedited application process by which an application must be reviewed and have a decision rendered within 15 business days. The Board cannot charge military service members or their spouses a fee for expedited license applications (KSA 74-7512).

Cosmetologists

The Cosmetologist Licensure Compact allows active-duty military personnel or their spouses to designate a home state where such service member or spouse has a current license in good standing and allows such military personnel member or spouse to retain that home state designation during the period of time the service member is on active duty (KSA 65-1959).

Dentists

The Dentist and Dental Hygienist Compact (Dentistry Compact) facilitates the relocation of military members and their spouses who are licensed to practice dentistry or dental hygiene. The Dentistry Compact provides that active military members and their spouses are not required to pay the fee charged by the Compact Commission for Dentistry Compact privileges. If a remote state chooses to charge a fee for a privilege, it may charge a reduced fee or no fee to active military members and their spouses for Dentistry Compact privileges (KSA 65-1473).

Dietitians

The Dietitian Compact allows active-duty military personnel or their spouses to designate a home state where such service member or spouse has a current license in good standing and allows such military personnel member or spouse to retain that home state designation during the period of time the service member is on active duty (KSA 65-5914).

Emergency Medical Personnel

The Interstate Compact for Recognition of Emergency Personnel Licensure provides that active and former service members have satisfied the minimum training and examination requirements for Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) licensure if they hold a current valid and unrestricted National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians certification at or above the level of state license being sought. The Compact also covers service member spouses (KSA 65-6158).

Occupational Therapists

The Occupational Therapy Licensure Compact allows active-duty military personnel or their spouses to designate a home state where such service member or spouse has a current license in good standing and allows such military personnel member or spouse to retain that home state designation while the service member is on active duty (2026 HB 2533).

Physician Assistants

The Physician Assistants Licensure Compact allows active-duty military personnel or their spouses to obtain Compact privileges by having an unrestricted license in good standing from a participating state (KSA 65-28a17). It is projected that the Physician Assistants Compact Commission will begin granting Compact privileges to practitioners in early 2027.

Physical Therapists

The Physical Therapy Licensure Compact allows a licensee who is active-duty military or the spouse of an individual who is active-duty military to select the licensee’s home of record, permanent change of station (PCS), or state of current residence, if it is different from the PCS state or home of record, for the purposes of licensure (KSA 65-2925).

Professional Counselors

The Counseling Compact allows licensed professional counselors who reside in a Compact member state to practice in other Compact member states without needing multiple licenses. Active-duty military personnel or their spouses must designate a home state where they have a current license in good standing. The individual may retain the home state designation when the service member is on active duty. Once a home state is designated, the Compact requires the individual to change their home state through an application for licensure in the new state or through the process outlined in the Compact for obtaining a new home state license (KSA 65-5825).

Respiratory Therapists

The Respiratory Care Interstate Compact allows active-duty military personnel or their spouses to designate a home state where such service member or spouse has a current license in good standing and will allow such military personnel member or spouse to retain that home state designation during the period of time the service member is on active duty. The Compact does not require active-duty military personnel or their spouses to pay any additional fee that may be required by either the Respiratory Care Commission or a remote state that may charge for a Compact privilege. A remote state may offer a reduced fee or no fee to active-duty military personnel or their spouses (2026 HB 2533).

School Psychologists

The Interstate Compact for School Psychologists provides for a licensee who is an active military member or the spouse of an active military member to hold a home state license in any of the following locations:

  • The licensee’s permanent residence;
  • A member state that is the licensee’s primary state of practice; or
  • A member state where the licensee has relocated pursuant to a PCS (KSA 72-8270).

Social Workers

The Social Work Licensure Compact facilitates interstate practice of regulated social workers by requiring an active-duty military member or their spouse to designate a home state where the individual has a multistate license under the Compact. The individual may retain the home state designation during the period the service member is on active duty (KSA 65-6325).

Teachers

The Interstate Teacher Mobility Compact allows teachers to use an eligible license held in a Compact member state to be granted an equivalent license in another Compact member state. For active military members and eligible military spouses who hold a license that is not unencumbered, the receiving state shall grant an equivalent license or licenses that, in the receiving state’s sole discretion, is equivalent to the license or licenses held by the teacher in any other member state, except where the receiving state does not have an equivalent license (KSA 72-8269).

State Taxes

Veterans and specific military personnel are entitled to tax benefits that are not available to many non-military citizens. Some benefits, like those related to property tax refunds, apply only to certain disabled veterans.

Income Tax

The Kansas Income Tax Act allows certain modifications to be made to an individual’s Kansas adjusted gross income. Some of these modifications may only be made by veterans and service members who meet certain requirements (KSA 79-32,117 et seq.).

Tax Exemptions

Any honorably discharged veteran in Kansas who has a certified disability rate of 100.0 percent is allowed an exemption of $2,320 per tax year, if the disability is permanent and was sustained through military action or accident or resulted from disease contracted while in service of the U.S. armed forces (KSA 79-32,121). Disabled veterans who meet the aforementioned requirements are also entitled to at least one of the following standard Kansas exemptions to which all Kansans are entitled:

  • In the case of individuals filing a joint return, a personal exemption of $18,320; or
  • In the case of all other individuals with a filing status of single, head of household, or married filing separate, a personal exemption of $9,160; and
  • In addition to one of the above exemptions, a personal exemption of $2,320 for each dependent for which such taxpayer is entitled to a deduction for the taxable year for federal income tax purposes.

Withholding Tax

To determine an individual’s Kansas adjusted gross income (AGI), some veterans and service members are allowed to deduct amounts from their federal AGI, such as amounts received as retirement benefits. Specifically, veterans who reside in Kansas and who receive federal retirement benefits for their service in the U.S. armed forces are authorized to subtract such benefit amounts received from their federal AGI (KSA 79-32,117(c)(vii)). Likewise, individual taxpayers who are or who were members of the U.S. armed forces or the Kansas National Guard, or both, are authorized to subtract from their federal AGI the amounts of a recruitment bonus, sign-up bonus, or retention bonus received by such taxpayer as an incentive to join, enlist, or remain in the armed forces or the Kansas National Guard (KSA 79-32,117(c)(xvi)). Those same members are also authorized to subtract from their federal AGI the amounts received for repayment of educational or student loans incurred by, or obligated to, such taxpayer and received by such taxpayer as a result of such individual’s service (KSA 79-32,117(c)(xvi)). However, only eligible members of the Kansas National Guard are able to subtract from their federal AGI any amount received (a) as a reimbursement for premiums paid under the Guard member’s group life insurance policy, and (b) under KSA 48-281 et seq. for death benefits, so long as the member died as a result of federal active duty in a combat area in the line of duty (KSA 79-32,117(c)(xvii)).

Finally, the State of Kansas will not consider as taxable income any compensation received by an individual or on account of such individual who served in active service as a member of the U.S. armed forces in the geographical area of the Vietnam conflict and was taken prisoner of war or is missing in action as a result of the Vietnam conflict (KSA 79-32,117a).

Motor Vehicle Tax

The State will not impose taxes on up to two motor vehicles that are owned by an individual resident of Kansas if the individual is either: (a) a full-time active member of the U.S. military stationed in Kansas, or (b) a current member in good standing of the Kansas National Guard or a unit of the reserve forces of the U.S. military (KSA 79-5107).

Likewise, the State will not impose taxes on up to two motor vehicles or any recreational vehicles that are owned by an individual resident of Kansas who is a member of the U.S. military and is either: (a) mobilized or deployed on the date of such individual’s application for registration, or (b) absent from the State solely by reason of military orders on the date such individual’s application for registration is due and such vehicles are maintained outside of Kansas (KSA 79-5107, KSA 79-5121).

Property Tax

There are several kinds of property tax benefits available to veterans in Kansas.

Property Tax Deferral

An active-duty service member who has orders to deploy or is deployed outside of the United States for at least six months may defer payment of taxes on real property for up to two years. A claim for the deferral must be filed with the county clerk (KSA 79-1612).

Property Tax Exemptions

The following property, including all buildings located on such property and personal property contained therein, if actually and regularly used exclusively by individually chartered organizations composed of honorably discharged military veterans, or auxiliaries of such organizations, is exempt from all property or ad valorem taxes levied by the State of Kansas, pursuant to KSA 79-201:

  • All real property used for the purposes of a clubhouse, place of meeting, or memorial hall; and
  • All real property, not exceeding 2 acres, used for the purpose of a memorial park.

In addition, the following property located on U.S. Department of War military installations in Kansas is exempt from all property or ad valorem taxes levied by the State of Kansas, pursuant to KSA 79-201a:

  • Any and all housing developments and related improvements that are developed pursuant to the Military Housing Privatization Initiative, 10 USC § 2871 et seq., and are provided exclusively or primarily for use by military personnel and their families; and
  • Any and all utility systems and appurtenances that have been acquired or installed after December 31, 2013, pursuant to the Military Utilities Privatization Initiative, 10 USC § 2688 et seq., that are provided exclusively or primarily for use by the military of the United States.

Property Tax Refunds

Certain disabled veterans are entitled to ad valorem tax refunds under the Homestead Property Tax Refund Act. The deadline for filing a claim for refund is on or before April 15 of the year next succeeding the year in which such taxes were levied (KSA 79-4505). To be eligible to receive a property tax refund, a veteran must:

  • Be a resident of Kansas and own their residence, which must be valued at $350,000 or less;
  • Have served in the active military, naval, air, or space service, including those groups and individuals listed under 38 CFR § 3.7, and have been discharged or released therefrom under an honorable discharge or a general discharge under honorable conditions;
  • Have a 50.0 percent or greater disability sustained through military action or accident or resulting from disease contracted while in such active service; and
  • Meet income requirements, which vary according to the refund amount and type sought.

The surviving spouse of a disabled veteran is eligible to continue to receive a property tax refund until the spouse remarries, so long as the disabled veteran was receiving benefits at the time of death (KSA 79-4508a). Similarly, the surviving spouse of an active-duty military personnel member who dies in the line of duty is also eligible to receive an ad valorem tax refund (KSA 79-4502).

Sales Tax

Beginning July 1, 2026, Kansas resident veterans who have been honorably discharged and have a 100.0 percent total or unemployable permanent disability rating sustained through military service will be exempt from paying sales taxes on purchases of tangible personal property and services. Purchases for the benefit of such disabled veterans, or made on behalf of such disabled veterans, will also qualify for the exemption, which will be capped at $24,000 of taxable sales per year per eligible person. The surviving spouse of an eligible disabled veteran will be eligible for the exemption until remarriage (KSA 79-3606h).

Any individual who claims the above sales tax exemption will be required to apply to the Secretary of Revenue for a veteran exemption identification number, which will be printed on a card the size of a driver’s license after the eligibility of the veteran individual is established. For the exemption to apply, veterans will be required to present their exemption number or exemption card to retailers when claiming the exemption (KSA 79-3606h).

Miscellaneous Benefits

Veterans are given several other benefits, such as prohibition of discrimination based on military service, easier access to services, and increased benefits.

Other Benefits for All Veterans

Anti-discrimination

Under Kansas law, it is illegal to discriminate against a member of the military based on their military status (KSA 44-1125 et seq.). For example, an employer is prohibited from denying employment to, or otherwise disqualifying or discharging from employment, a military member based on their military service. It is also illegal to discriminate against a member of the military in any place of public accommodation because of their military service.

Concealed Carry Licenses

In Kansas, individuals are permitted to carry a concealed firearm without a concealed carry license, unless such possession is prohibited by federal or state law. Active-duty military personnel and their dependents residing in Kansas can apply for concealed carry handgun licenses without having a Kansas driver’s licenses or Kansas non-driver’s identification card.

After meeting all other requirements for a concealed carry permit, the service member or dependent would be issued a license under the Personal and Family Protection Act and given a unique license number (KSA 75-7c01 et seq.). Active-duty military personnel stationed outside of Kansas can also apply for a concealed carry license by providing evidence of completion of a course offered in another jurisdiction, if the training requirements are determined to be equal to or greater than those required in Kansas (KSA 75-7c04 and KSA 75-7c05).

Other Benefits for Disabled Veterans

Hunting and Fishing Licenses

Per KSA 32-906, hunting and fishing licenses are issued at no cost to disabled veterans who:

  • Served in the active military, naval, air, or space service and received a discharge or release under conditions other than dishonorable;
  • Incurred or aggravated a disability in the line of duty while in active service; and
  • Have a service-connected disability of 30.0 percent or more.

Increased Death and Disability Benefits for National Guard Members

Beginning on July 1, 2025, the Military Disability Board must adjust the amount of death and disability benefits for National Guard members every subsequent July 1 (KSA 48-284).

This adjustment will be based on that year’s Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) percentage increase. For National Guard members with a 100.0 percent disability on state active duty and surviving spouses of eligible deceased members, the monthly benefits will increase to $850 plus 12.5 percent of their monthly basic pay. The monthly benefit amounts for the surviving children of an eligible deceased member will increase to the following amounts:

  • For one child: from $77 to $545;
  • For two children: from $55 to $390, per child;
  • For three children: from $48 to $340, per child; and
  • For more than three children: an amount determined per child by multiplying the number of children in excess of three by $198 (up from $28) and adding an additional $1,020 (up from $144), the product of which is divided by the total number of children entitled to compensation (KSA 48-269).

Free Parking

Within public parking facilities and parking lots that employ parking attendants, veterans with a disabled veteran license plate are entitled to free parking privileges in spaces designated for disabled individuals (KSA 8-161).

Limited Documents to Determine Eligibility for State Benefits

Kansas has restricted the types of documents that agencies can request from a veteran to determine eligibility for benefits from a service-connected disability (KSA 73-1244). State agencies and municipalities are permitted to request specific documents from Kansas veterans to establish their eligibility for such benefits, including:

  • A U.S. passport;
  • An unexpired Real ID state driver’s license;
  • A Veteran Health Identification Card issued by the VA;
  • A Veteran Identification Card issued by the VA;
  • A Common Access Card issued by the U.S. Department of War; and
  • Any identity card authorized by the U.S. Department of War.

Other Benefits for Homeless Veterans

Nondriver Identification Cards

Any person who is a veteran and is homeless may apply for and be issued a nondriver ID card without providing an address of principal residence. A nondriver ID card obtained by a homeless veteran does not expire and requires the veteran to provide a copy of a specified military discharge document to KOVS to verify such person’s character of military service. The Secretary of Health and Environment is prohibited from charging or accepting any fee related to a homeless veteran’s request for certain information from the Office of Vital Statistics for the purpose of obtaining a nondriver identification card (2026 HB 2274).

Other Benefits for Veterans of Certain Wars

Vietnam War Era Medallion Program

The Vietnam War Era Medallion Program, authorized by KSA 73-1238, offers eligible veterans a medallion, a medal, and a certificate of appreciation. Veterans who served within the United States or in a foreign country between February 28, 1961, and May 7, 1975, may participate if they meet the following requirements:

  • Are legal residents of Kansas or were legal residents at the time they entered military service, the time they were discharged from military service, or at the time of their death; and
  • Were honorably discharged, are still on active duty in an honorable status, or were on active duty at the time of death.

Kansas Unemployment Insurance Trust Fund

The Kansas Unemployment Insurance (UI) Trust Fund was created in 1937 as the state counterpart to the Federal Unemployment Insurance Trust Fund. The UI Trust Fund provides income stability for Kansas citizens during times of economic difficulty while stimulating economic activity. UI is a federal program managed by the State and requires all changes to the Employment Security Law (ESL) to be approved by the U.S. Department of Labor (USDOL) before taking effect.

‌State Fund Contributions

Contributions to the UI Trust Fund are made by Kansas employers and are governed by KSA 2025 Supp. 44-710a. The UI Trust Fund is designed to be self-correcting during economic cycles. Moneys in the UI Trust Fund accumulate during periods of economic expansion; benefits are primarily distributed during times of economic retraction.

Starting in 2026, the taxable wage base for employer contributions to the Employment Security Fund is a percentage of the statewide average annual wage. The percentage progressively increases as follows:

  • 25.0 percent beginning in calendar year 2026;
  • 30.0 percent beginning in calendar year 2028;
  • 35.0 percent beginning in calendar year 2029; and
  • 40.0 percent beginning in calendar year 2030.

Beginning in calendar year 2031, the wage base will remain at 40.0 percent unless any combination of employer contribution rate schedules G through M are in effect for any five preceding consecutive calendar years occurring after 2031. If that occurs, the percentage will increase to 45.0 percent regardless of changes to the rate tables. For 2026, the taxable wage base is $15,100.

‌Employer Classification

The amount collected from employers varies depending upon the presence or absence of several factors or conditions, the primary of which is employer classifications. Employers in Kansas can be classified as a new employer, an entering and expanding employer, a positive balance employer, or a negative balance employer.

‌New Employers

New employers with fewer than 24 months of payroll experience have a contribution rate of 1.75 percent, unless they are in the construction industry. New employers within the construction industry are instead charged a contribution rate of 5.55 percent of their taxable wage base.

If the new employer is expanding or moving from another state, they are eligible to request an alternate rate. If they meet the qualifications, then the employer’s contribution rate would be equal to their previous rate in the other state provided the rate was 1.0 percent or greater of their taxable wage base. To retain the reduced contribution rate, the employer must maintain a positive account balance throughout the four-year period the reduced rate is in effect.

‌Experience-Based Employers

Employers with an employment history of at least two years qualify for experience-based ratings. Employers are classified as positive balance when their total contributions to the UI Trust Fund exceed the amount of unemployment benefits charged to their accounts. Positive balance employers are grouped into 28 rate groups depending upon their unemployment experience, and a specific contribution rate is determined for each employer. The standard rates for the positive groups range from 0.0 percent for rate group 0 and increase in each subsequent rate group until 5.55 percent is established for rate group 27.

An exception to this is if a positive balance employer’s reserve ratio has increased significantly due to an increase in their taxable payroll. If an increase occurred by a minimum of 100.0 percent due to employment growth rather than a change in their taxable wage base from the previous year, then the employer shall be given a reduced rate. The rate would be for a period of three years and require the employer to maintain a positive and increasing account balance for the three years.

Employers are classified as negative balance when their total contributions to the UI Trust Fund do not exceed the amount of unemployment benefits charged to their accounts. These employers are grouped into 11 rate groups. The standard rates for the negative groups range from 5.85 percent for rate group N1 and increase in each subsequent rate group until 8.35 percent is established for rate group N11.

Active negative-rated employers are eligible for a calculated negative debt write-off and forgiveness amount. If on any computation date an employer’s account registers a negative reserve ratio of -7.150 percent or less, a portion of benefit charges will be conditionally forgiven and removed from the employer’s account to bring the account to a reserve ratio of -7.150 percent. The employer will be assigned to rate group N11. Such employers can avoid the write-off and N11 assignment for the next three calendar years by submitting a voluntary contribution at least equal to the amount necessary to establish their account reserve ratio to at least -7.149% for the next calendar year.

‌Solvency Adjustments

Once standard rates are set, they are modified based upon the solvency adjustment. The solvency adjustment, which is based upon the UI Trust Fund’s Average High Cost Multiple (AHCM), is applied to all experience-rated employers and ranges from an increase of 2.0 percent to a decrease of 2.0 percent. The AHCM is derived by dividing the UI Trust Fund’s reserve ratio by the average high benefit cost rate. This adjustment allows the rates to respond to the solvency state of the UI Trust Fund.

‌Employers also have the choice to make additional contributions to the UI Trust Fund to become positive balance employers and qualify for an experience-based rating with lower contribution rates.

‌Federal Unemployment Trust Fund

‌In addition to the contributions to the UI Trust Fund, employers are taxed by the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA).

Employers pay a rate of 6.0 percent on the first $7,000 of income; however, the federal government provides a tax credit of 5.4 percent against this rate for states with an unemployment insurance program in compliance with federal requirements. This yields an effective contribution rate of 0.6 percent for Kansas employers. FUTA funds are used for administrative purposes and to fund loans for state unemployment insurance programs when they become insolvent.

Under federal and state unemployment law, governmental entities and nonprofit organizations generally pay into the UI Trust Fund during the year after a laid-off employee has collected unemployment insurance benefits.

‌Solvency of UI Trust Fund

‌Kansas uses the AHCM, as recommended by the USDOL, to ensure the UI Trust Fund is adequately funded. The primary determinants of the UI Trust Fund depletion rate are the benefits paid out, the number of persons to whom unemployment is paid, and the amount of time for which benefits are paid.

‌Current Status of the UI Trust Fund

If the UI Trust Fund is depleted, as occurred during the Great Recession, the Kansas Department of Labor (KDOL) is authorized to borrow from the USDOL, the Pooled Money Investment Board, or both to make weekly benefit payments.

The State General Fund is not obligated to ensure the solvency of the UI Trust Fund. Likewise, the UI Trust Fund may not be used for non-employment security purposes. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the state’s UI Trust Fund was considered sufficiently solvent that any loans taken from USDOL would be at 0.0 percent interest. Failure to repay the loan results in the FUTA tax credit for employers being reduced by an additional 0.3 percent annually until the debt is repaid; additional federal credit reductions may also apply. If a state has an outstanding federal advance on January 1 for two consecutive years, the advance must be fully repaid before November 10 of the second year to avoid a FUTA credit reduction for employers. Thus, if the state’s UI Trust Fund requires a loan by January 1, 2027, then full payment would be due on November 10, 2028. If a loan is made on January 2, 2027, or later, then full payment would be due on November 10, 2029.

The UI Trust Fund balance can be found on the KDOL’s website.

‌Employee Eligibility

An individual is eligible for unemployment compensation when that person has lost employment through no fault of their own. Termination for cause or resignation generally disqualify

‌a person from receiving UI benefits; however, the Kansas ESL allows for several exceptions to this prohibition.‌‌

‌Temporary Unemployment

“Temporary unemployment” means an individual that has been laid off due to lack of work by an employing unit for which the individual has worked full-time and reasonably expects to resume full-time work at a future date and the individual’s employment with the employing unit has been temporarily suspended and not terminated.

Temporary unemployment generally is limited to eight consecutive weeks. However, an extension of eight additional weeks is permitted upon the Secretary of Labor’s approval. The request must be made in writing by a rated contributing employer and identify the affected individual or individuals. The employer must also agree to provide any reports concerning the extension required by the Secretary. In addition, the extension is allowed only upon a determination by the Secretary that the employer has filed all required employment security reports, paid all required contributions, and is primarily engaged in the production and distribution of ready-mixed concrete or the construction of streets, highways, elevated highways, roads, airport runways, public sidewalks, or bridges.

‌Employee Benefits

‌The amount of money an employee can receive in benefits will vary depending on the level of compensation the employee received during employment and the length of time the employee can receive benefits. However, there are strict upper and lower limits on benefit payments to prevent over- and under-compensation. If KDOL determines a person knowingly made a false statement or representation or knowingly failed to disclose a material fact to obtain or increase unemployment benefits, that person is disqualified from receiving benefits for one year following repayment for a first occurrence and five years following repayment for any subsequent occurrence.

‌Calculating the Weekly Benefit

The weekly benefit amount is what the claimant will receive each week in unemployment compensation. The weekly benefit amount is determined by multiplying 4.25 percent times the highest earning quarter in the first four of the last five completed calendar quarters. The maximum weekly benefit amount is limited to 55.0 percent of the average weekly wages paid to employees in insured work in the previous calendar year. Claimants are guaranteed to receive at least 25.0 percent of the maximum weekly benefit amount effective as of the beginning of the individual’s benefit year. For the benefit year commencing on July 1, 2026, the maximum weekly benefit amount is $663 and the minimum weekly benefit amount is $165.

‌Calculating the Length of Compensation

‌During a standard or non-recessionary period, an employee’s duration of benefit is calculated in one of two ways; the calculation yielding a shorter duration is used. First, an employee can receive weekly compensation for a specified number of weeks, or second, the duration of benefits is determined by multiplying one-third times the total earnings received in the first four of the last five completed calendar quarters.

‌The weekly benefits amount is divided into the total benefits received to determine the number of weeks an employee can receive compensation. If the unemployment rate for Kansas is equal to or greater than 6.0 percent, a person is eligible for a maximum of 26 weeks of benefits. If the unemployment rate is less than 6.0 percent but equal to or greater than 5.0 percent, a person is eligible for 20 weeks of benefits. A person is eligible for 16 weeks of benefits if the unemployment rate is less than 5.0 percent. For purposes of this provision, the law calculates the unemployment rate using a three-month, seasonally adjusted rolling average.

‌Enforcement of the UI System

‌To address UI fraud, tax evasion, and identity theft, Kansas law requires the Secretary to:

  • Provide the Legislature with an annual report on investigations involving the misclassification of employees;
  • Develop a form for claimants to establish their identity before a Kansas law enforcement officer;
  • Provide readily accessible means for employers to notify KDOL when a claimant refuses to return to work or refuses an employment offer;
  • Create an audit process for employers to submit reports regarding activities related to work search requirements, or to the My Reemployment Plan for applicants who do not participate in a scheduled interview or fail to notify the employer about their inability to participate.‌

System Improvements & Modernization

In response to vulnerabilities in the legacy UI system exploited by fraudulent actors during the COVID-19 pandemic, KDOL was required to implement a modernized unemployment insurance program IT system. Requirements of the program included:

  • Cross-checking Social Security Numbers with the Social Security Administration;
  • Checking new hire records against the National Directorate of New Hires to verify eligibility;
  • Verification of immigration or citizenship status;
  • Comparison of applicant information to local, state, and federal prison databases through incarceration cross-matches; and
  • Other various features to mitigate fraud and abuse of the system.

Along with that project, the Unemployment Compensation Modernization and Improvement Council was created to examine and recommend changes to the system to enhance the system for claimants and employers. In addition to suggested improvements of the UI process, and throughout the course of the IT modernization project, project updates are provided to the Council until its scheduled dissolution on December 31, 2026.

Uniform Laws in Kansas

A uniform law or act (uniform law) seeks to establish the same law on a subject among states or other jurisdictions. Uniform laws are typically drafted by the Uniform Law Commission (ULC) and must be considered and enacted by each state or other jurisdiction that wishes to incorporate the uniform law’s provisions in its statutes. Uniformity of provisions among various states is a principal objective of uniform laws, and the ULC strives to “provide states with non-partisan, well-conceived and well-drafted legislation that brings clarity and stability to critical areas of state statutory law.”

In addition to drafting uniform laws, the ULC also drafts model acts, where uniformity of provisions among states is not a principal objective, but uniformity may still be promoted even though many jurisdictions may not adopt the act in its entirety.

‌Uniform Law Commission

The ULC, also known as the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, was founded in 1892. It is a nonprofit, unincorporated association of state commissions on uniform laws from each state, as well as the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the

U.S. Virgin Islands. Members (commissioners) must be lawyers, and include practicing attorneys, judges, legislators, legislative staff, and law professors.

The ULC states its purpose “is to promote uniformity in state law when uniformity is desirable and practicable.” The ULC has produced over 300 uniform and model acts on subjects including commerce, family and domestic relations, real estate transactions, trusts and estates, alternative dispute resolution, and other topics.

Kansas joined the ULC in 1893. Kansas statute (KSA 46-407a) established an Advisory Committee on Uniform State Laws. The Committee is required to advise the Kansas Commission on Interstate Cooperation through its duty to investigate and consider the advisability or uniformity of the laws of the several states. The Committee may make recommendations on subjects where uniformity “may be desirable and practical.”

The statute further provides for five representatives to the ULC, as follows:

  • Three representatives who are members of the Kansas bar, appointed by the Kansas Commission on Interstate Cooperation, with the advice of the president of the Kansas Bar Association;
  • The chairperson of the House Committee on Judiciary; and
  • The chairperson of the Senate Committee on Judiciary.Because ULC members must be lawyers, the statute provides that, if the chairperson of either judiciary committee is not a member of the Kansas bar, then the chairperson may designate another member of the committee who is a member of the Kansas bar to serve instead. If no member of the committee is a member of the Kansas bar, then the Revisor of Statutes may be designated to serve instead, and the Revisor of Statutes may designate an assistant revisor to serve.
    ‌Current Uniform Laws in KansasThe 2026 General Index to the Kansas Statutes Annotated lists over 40 different uniform laws in Kansas statutes. Some of the more widely adopted uniform acts that have been adopted in Kansas include the following:
  • Uniform Commercial Code (KSA Chapter 84), which is a comprehensive set of laws governing all commercial transactions in the United States, including sales of goods, leases, negotiable instruments, bank deposits and collections, funds transfers, letters of credit, documents of title, investment securities, and secured transactions;
  • Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (KSA 65-3220, et seq.), which governs organ donation;
  • Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (KSA 23-37,101, et seq.), which limits the state with jurisdiction over child custody to one, to avoid competing orders;
  • Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (KSA 16-1601, et seq.), which removes barriers to electronic commerce by establishing the legal equivalence of electronic records and signatures with paper writings and manually signed signatures;
  • Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (KSA 23-36,101, et seq.), which allows enforcement of child support orders issued by an out-of-state court;
  • Uniform Prudent Management of Institutional Funds Act (KSA 58-3611, et seq.), which governs management of funds donated to charitable institutions in accordance with modern investment and expenditure practice;
  • Uniform Trade Secrets Act (KSA 60-3320, et seq.), which governs trade secret protection;
  • Uniform Transfers to Minors Act (KSA 38-1701, et seq.), which governs property transfers to a custodian for the benefit of a minor; and
  • Uniform Trust Code (KSA 58a-101, et seq.), which governs codification of the common law on trusts.

Kansas may not have adopted the most recent revisions or amendments to the Uniform Acts listed above.

Military Talent Retention Programs

This memorandum looks at Kansas’ efforts to support military transition and retention, particularly in workforce development, statewide coordination, and program awareness. Research is broken into four areas: credential and training incentives, statewide transition and navigation platforms, pre-separation workforce alignment, and marketing and communication gaps.

The memorandum provides comparative analysis by benchmarking Kansas (KS) against the following peer states: Arkansas (AR), Colorado (CO), Iowa (IA), Missouri (MO), Nebraska (NE), and Oklahoma (OK).

Credential and Training Incentives

KLRD reviewed existing programs supporting credentialing and workforce training. The review focuses on all programs available to National Guard members, military veterans, and their spouses and dependents. A comprehensive table is provided at the end of this section with links to the relevant programs for each state.

Credentialing

Licensing recognition and portability are broken down into three main categories.

Colorado (CRS 12-20-202), Missouri (Mo. Rev. Stat. 324.009), and Arkansas (Ark. Code 17-4-105) provide the broadest recognition and portability frameworks affecting all regulated professions and include veterans and military spouses.

Kansas (KSA 48-3406) requires licensing boards to grant credit for military education, training, and experience toward licensure, but does not mandate expedited licensure across all regulated professions.

Nebraska (Neb. Rev. Stat. 38-129.01), Iowa (Iowa Code 272C.12a), and Oklahoma (Okla. Stat. 59-4100) provide credential recognition and temporary or expedited licensure triggered by military orders, comparable in scope to Kansas.

Apprenticeships

KLRD did not identify any state-specific apprenticeship programs focused on transitioning veterans. Kansas has an Office of Regapprenticeships orhip, but there is no program specializing in fast-tracking service members into civilian apprenticeships, or fast-tracking an apprenticeship based on military experience. Peer states all offer similar, general-level apprenticeship programs. Most states recommend veterans utilize the U.S. Department of Defense SkillBridge program or GI Bill benefits in regard to apprenticeship.

Tuition Assistance

Each state provides tuition assistance for National Guard members. Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, and Oklahoma provide tuition assistance for military dependents. Kansas is the only state that does not limit that assistance to dependents whose military member was injured or killed. Kansas, Arkansas, and Colorado provide an in-state tuition exception for military members and their dependents. Kansas provides a military service scholarship for certain veterans that covers up to 100 percent of tuition and fees at eligible public institutions, while Missouri provides reduced tuition rates for combat veterans.

College Credit

Oklahoma provides college credit for military service, training, and occupations based on certain criteria.

Table of Credentialing and Training Incentives

ProgramKSARCOIAMONEOK
Tuition assistance for National Guard membersYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Tuition assistance for dependentsYesYes* Yes*Yes*
Military service scholarshipYes
In-state tuition exceptionsYesYesYes
Reduced tuition for combat veteransYes
College credit for military service
(Okla. Stat. 59-4100.3)
Yes

Statewide Transition and Navigation Platforms

Every state except Oklahoma has at least a webpage devoted to veterans transitioning into the civilian workforce. Kansas, Arkansas, Colorado, and Iowa have devoted sub-websites providing veteran workforce transition services and resources separate from a state agency’s website. Missouri and Nebraska offer a digital platform as part of their state’s workforce development or veterans affairs agency website. Oklahoma provides a military-specific page on the Oklahoma Works website.

KanVet

KanVet is a website that provides a library of resources linking to various entities and agencies that have resources available to help veterans. Features of the site include:

There is also a Home Base Wichita program. It helps service members and spouses find jobs and learn about Wichita. It also provides information to employers about hiring veterans and provides employer-related resources. This program appears to be an initiative of the Wichita Workforce Center.

Home Base Arkansas

Home Base Arkansas is a website that provides information and resources about careers, communities, and educational benefits in Arkansas for veterans transitioning to the civilian workforce. Features of the site include:

Hire A Colorado Vet

Hire a Colorado Vet is a one-page website that provides the following features:

  • Information about veteran priority at workforce centers, assistance with resumes and cover letters, help translating military experience to job requirement matches, and more career guidance services;
  • Information about programs to help employers recruit veterans, assess matches, and create talent pipelines;
  • Information about the Work Opportunity Tax Credit when hiring qualified veterans; and
  • Information about the tuition waiver for National Guard members at specific state institutions.

Home Base Iowa

Home Base Iowa (HBI) is a dedicated statewide program and brand that unifies veteran workforce development efforts under a single umbrella. In addition to providing workforce development service information and educational benefits for veterans, HBI also provides community services as noted below. Features of the platform include:

  • Careers
  • Links to IowaWORKS for Veterans portal where veterans may post resumes, find Iowa employment opportunities and training and workshop resources to acquire additional skills, and have employers review resumes;
  • IowaWORKS career planner to help veterans prepare for the workforce;
  • Information about the SkillBridge program;
  • Information related to the Hilton Honors Military Program, which assists veterans with employment-related travel activities; and
  • Information on how employers can become Certified HBI Businesses.
  • Communities
  • Incentives and friendly employment opportunities to help veterans and families find a new place to call home;
  • Information on how communities can become an HBI Community by obtaining a resolution of support from the appropriate local governing body, developing an incentive package for veterans, and displaying an HBI Community designation prominently;
  • Information on communities and their incentive packages; and
  • A portal to apply to become a certified community or for veterans to submit an incentive application.
  • Education
  • Certifies higher education entities that help promote Iowa as a place for veterans and families choosing to pursue higher education goals. These entities must provide certain services and resources to qualify as a Certified Higher Academic Military Partner (CHAMP).

Mo Heroes Connect

Mo Heroes Connect is a dedicated statewide brand to help unify veteran workforce development efforts under a single umbrella. Features of the platform include:

  • No-cost access to career guidance; assistance in assessing skills, job matching, and developing an employment plan; job readiness assessment; and referrals to jobs, services, and other resources;
  • Occupational skills training;
  • A Career Skills Program to assist transitioning service members in finding an internship, apprenticeship, or certification program completed within 180 days before their last day on active duty;
  • Information on incentive programs, guides, and resources available to help employers take the proper steps when preparing to hire a veteran, military spouse, or enlisted person;
  • Information on assistance for expenses related to employment or training or transportation expenses associated with such training or employment, up to $1,500; and
  • Information on financial assistance to families facing financial crisis from overdue bills or child care expenses, up to $1,500.

Nebraska Veterans’ Gateway

Nebraska Veterans’ Gateway is a state agency-level page that provides resources for Nebraska veterans and includes links to other military and veteran benefits as part of the Nebraska Department of Veterans’ Affairs (Department). Features include:

  • Assistance matching veterans to jobs through an online “resource expert” that helps veterans find tools and benefits available to assist with transitioning to civilian life and assists with finding employment;
  • Options to use a “job converter” tool that lists ideas for civilian jobs based on skill sets acquired during service;
  • Links to the NEworks online job board, which has a dedicated veterans page;
  • Links to Nebraska Department of Labor resources, including workshops, resume assistance, and career counseling;
  • Links to the Nebraska State Jobs website and the Department’s employment page; and
  • Links to various educational benefits for veterans and dependents.

Oklahoma Employment Security Commission

The Oklahoma Employment Security Commission is a state agency-level webpage that links to the Oklahoma Works website. Military service members, veterans, and spouses may be eligible to receive personalized career services through the Jobs for Veterans State Grant (JVSG). The JVSG team consists entirely of veterans stationed across the state with extensive training to help veterans access local, state, and federal resources to overcome barriers to employment. The site includes links to events, partner organizations, and additional resources for veterans.

The Oklahoma National Guard also provides career services and matches National Guard members and veterans with employers. The Employment Coordination Program provides career services such as resume building, interview coaching, and civilian job searches. Oklahoma Veterans United is a private, not-for-profit group that provides services similar to those provided by other entities in this section.

Pre-separation Workforce Alignment

State-sponsored programs that pair military installations with local communities could not be found. However, some installations work closely with nearby communities, employers, and schools to host programs to facilitate workforce transition for service members.

Kansas

The Manhattan Area Chamber of Commerce hosts an annual tour welcoming service members and families from Fort Riley as part of the Chamber’s Talent Division’s efforts to connect employers with transitioning service members.

The Wichita Chamber of Commerce has a Military Affairs Council that “is committed to strengthening the bond between the military, our business community and the broader region.” It hosts events to build connections between McConnell Air Force Base (AFB) leadership and local businesses and bridge workforce gaps by connecting employers with skilled military spouses and transitioning service members.

Arkansas

Little Rock AFB hosts an annual Fall Career & Education Fair “designed to connect job seekers, students, and community members with leading employers and educational opportunities across the region.”

Colorado

The Colorado Springs Chamber of Commerce highlights its support and advocacy for initiatives to help service members and their families, including links to major employers in the area looking for transitioning veterans, links to the Hire A Vet program, and resources for living in Colorado Springs.

Oklahoma

Tinker AFB hosted an event with Midwest City Chamber of Commerce to “strengthen community partnerships and provide local leaders with a deeper understanding of the national security work accomplished at Tinker Air Force Base.”

Nation-wide Programs

Hiring Our Heroes program connects the military community with American businesses through various fellowships and networks.

LocationCorporate
Fellowship
Military Spouse
Professional Network
Skills-based
Fellowship
Fort Leavenworth, KSYesYesYes
Fort Riley, KSYesYesYes
Colorado Springs, COYesYesYes
Offutt AFB, NEYesYesYes
Fort Leonard Wood, MOYesYesYes
Whiteman AFB, MOYesYesYes

Marketing and Communication Gaps

Most states do not have a dedicated social media presence for their veteran workforce development initiatives. States appear to sporadically post relevant items to their jobs and workforce agencies’ social media pages.

PlatformKSARCOIAMONEOK
FacebookKansas
Works
NoNoHBI county-specific pageMo Heroes ConnectNoNo
Twitter / XNoNoNoInactive since 2022NoNoOklahoma
Works
InstagramKansas
Works
NoNoNoNoNoDepartment of Veterans Affairs
TikTokNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
eNewsletterNoNoNoNoNoNoNo

Summary of Legislation 2026

This publication includes summaries of the legislation enacted during the 2026 Legislative Session. Brief descriptions of bills that were vetoed are also included beginning on page 352.

During the 2026 Session, 629 bills were introduced: 237 in the Senate and 392 in the House. In addition, 239 Senate bills and 318 House bills were carried over from the 2025 Session, for a total of 1,186 bills that were alive during the 2026 Session. Of these 1,186 bills, 157 (13.24 percent) became law: 48 Senate bills and 109 House bills. Further, of the 157 bills becoming law, 143 (91.1 percent) were introduced by committees and 14 (8.9 percent) were introduced by individual legislators. (Substitute bills or bills with conference committee reports whose original subject matter was substantially modified from the content in the introduced sponsor bill are included in the former category.)

The Governor vetoed 34 bills and 30 line items in the appropriations bill. The vetoes of 14 bills and 19 line items were sustained; vetoes of 20 bills and 12 line items were overridden.

No bills will be carried over to the 2027 Session of the Legislature.